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PHOSGENE (CARBONYL CHLORIDE)†

Chemical Identification
CAS #	75-44-5
Formula	CCl₂O
Synonyms	carbon oxychloride; carbonyl chloride; carbonyl dichloride; chloroformyl chloride

Physical Properties
Physical description	Colorless gas with a suffocating odor like musty hay.
Boiling point	47°F	Molecular weight	98.9
Freezing point/melting point	-180°F	Vapor pressure	1.6 atm
Flash point		Vapor density	3.48
Specific gravity	1.43 (liquid at 32°F)	Ionization potential	11.55 eV
Lower explosive limit (LEL)		Upper explosive limit (UEL)
NFPA health rating	4	NFPA fire rating	0
NFPA reactivity rating	1	NFPA special instruction
Vapor hazard ratio (VHR)
Historical exceedance percentage
Target organs

Monitoring Methods Used by OSHA
Analyte code (IMIS no.)	2070
Sampling group
Sampler/Sampling media	XAD-2 tube (150/75 mg) coated with 10% 2-(hydroxymethyl)piperidine [SKC 226-117]
Sampling time^*	240 min
Sampling volume (TWA)^*	240 L
Sampling flow rate (TWA)^*	1 L/min
Sampling volume (STEL/Peak/C)^*	15 L
Sampling flow rate (STEL/Peak/C)^*	1 L/min
Analytical method instruments	GC-NPD
Method reference	OSHA 61 (fully validated)
Notes	When relative humidity at sampling site is low, reduce maximum sample size to 120 Liters and sampling rate to 0.5 L/min.
Special requirements

^* All sampling instructions above are recommended guidelines for OSHA Compliance Safety and Health Officers (CSHOs), please see the corresponding OSHA method reference for complete details.

Bulk/Wipe Method
Wipe Sampler/Sampling media
Bulk Method

On-Site Screening Techniques
Device	Detector tube	Detector tube	Detector tube	Detector tube	Detector tube	CMS Chip
Model/Type	Dräger - Phosgene 0.02/a, 8101521	Dräger - Phosgene 0.25/a, CH19401	Dräger - Phosgene 0.25/c, CH28301	Gastec 16	Matheson-Kitagawa 8014-146S	Phosgene, 0.05-2 ppm range
Sampling information (see manufacturer instructions)	20 or 40 strokes, approx 0.01-1 ppm range, uncertainty 16%	1-33 strokes, approx 0.04-1.5 ppm, uncertainty 32%	5 strokes, approx 0.1-5 ppm range, uncertainty 25%	1-10 strokes, 0.01-20 ppm range, uncertainty 16% for 0.1-1 ppm, 8% for 1-5 ppm	follow mfr instructions, approx 0.1-20 ppm range

**Exposure Limits**
OSHA PEL 8-hour TWA (ST) STEL (C) Ceiling Peak		NIOSH REL Up to 10-hour TWA (ST) STEL (C) Ceiling		ACGIH TLV© 8-hour TWA (ST) STEL (C) Ceiling		CAL/OSHA PEL 8-hour TWA (ST) STEL (C) Ceiling Peak
PEL-TWA	0.1 ppm (0.4 mg/m³)	REL-TWA	0.1 ppm (0.4 mg/m³)	TLV-TWA		PEL-TWA	0.1 ppm (0.4 mg/m³)
PEL-STEL		REL-STEL		TLV-STEL		PEL-STEL
PEL-C		REL-C	0.2 ppm (0.8 mg/m³) [15 minutes]	TLV-C	0.02 ppm [2021]	PEL-C
Skin notation	N	Skin notation	N	Skin notation	N	Skin notation	N
Notes: See 29 CFR 1910.1000 Table Z-1.		Notes:		Notes:		Notes:
Health factors: See NIH-NLM PubChem.		IDLH	2 ppm
Carcinogenic classifications: EPA-II		Notes:
AIHA emergency response planning guidelines - ERPG-1/ERPG-2/ERPG-3: --/0.5 ppm/1.5 ppm

Additional Resources and Literature References

NOAA: CAMEO Chemicals - Phosgene

NIOSH: Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards - Phosgene

Literature References

ACGIH: Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values (TLVs) and Biological Exposure Indices (BEIs) - Phosgene. See annual publication for most recent information.

Last Updated Date : 01/29/2021

DICHLOROMONOFLUOROMETHANE†

Chemical Identification
CAS #	75-43-4
Formula	CHCl₂F
Synonyms	dichlorofluoromethane; fluorodichloromethane; Freon21; Genetron21; Halon112; Refrigerant 21

Physical Properties
Physical description	Colorless gas with a slight, ether-like odor.
Boiling point	48°F	Molecular weight	102.9
Freezing point/melting point	-211°F	Vapor pressure	1.6 atm at 70°F
Flash point		Vapor density	3.57
Specific gravity	1.48	Ionization potential	12.39 eV
Lower explosive limit (LEL)		Upper explosive limit (UEL)
NFPA health rating		NFPA fire rating
NFPA reactivity rating		NFPA special instruction
Vapor hazard ratio (VHR)
Historical exceedance percentage
Target organs

Monitoring Methods Used by OSHA
Analyte code (IMIS no.)	0887
Sampling group
Sampler/Sampling media	2 CSC tubes (100/50 mg sections, 20/40 mesh) in series [SKC 226-01]
Sampling time^*
Sampling volume (TWA)^*	0.25-3L
Sampling flow rate (TWA)^*	0.05 L/min
Sampling volume (STEL/Peak/C)^*
Sampling flow rate (STEL/Peak/C)^*
Analytical method instruments	GC-FID
Method reference	NIOSH 2516 (fully validated)
Notes	Separate front and backup tubes to avoid migration
Special requirements

^* All sampling instructions above are recommended guidelines for OSHA Compliance Safety and Health Officers (CSHOs), please see the corresponding OSHA method reference for complete details.

Bulk/Wipe Method
Wipe Sampler/Sampling media
Bulk Method

On-Site Screening Techniques
Device	Infrared spectrophotometer
Model/Type	Miran 1A & 1B
Sampling information (see manufacturer instructions)	0.08 ppm@9.4μm

**Exposure Limits**
OSHA PEL 8-hour TWA (ST) STEL (C) Ceiling Peak		NIOSH REL Up to 10-hour TWA (ST) STEL (C) Ceiling		ACGIH TLV© 8-hour TWA (ST) STEL (C) Ceiling		CAL/OSHA PEL 8-hour TWA (ST) STEL (C) Ceiling Peak
PEL-TWA	1000 ppm (4200 mg/m³)	REL-TWA	10 ppm (40 mg/m³)	TLV-TWA	10 ppm [1977]	PEL-TWA	10 ppm (42 mg/m³)
PEL-STEL		REL-STEL		TLV-STEL		PEL-STEL
PEL-C		REL-C		TLV-C		PEL-C
Skin notation	N	Skin notation	N	Skin notation	N	Skin notation	N
Notes: See 29 CFR 1910.1000 Table Z-1.		Notes:		Notes:		Notes:
Health factors: See NIH-NLM PubChem.		IDLH	5000 ppm
Carcinogenic classifications: Not listed		Notes:
AIHA emergency response planning guidelines - ERPG-1/ERPG-2/ERPG-3:

Additional Resources and Literature References

NOAA: CAMEO Chemicals - Dichlorofluoromethane

NIOSH: Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards - Dichloromonofluoromethane

Literature References

ACGIH: Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values (TLVs) and Biological Exposure Indices (BEIs) - Dichlorofluoromethane. See annual publication for most recent information.

Last Updated Date : 01/13/2023

VINYLIDENE FLUORIDE

Chemical Identification
CAS #	75-38-7
Formula	C₂H₂F₂
Synonyms	difluoro-1,1-ethylene; 1,1-difluoroethene; 1,1-difluoroethylene; Halocarbon 1132A; VDF; vinylidene difluoride

Physical Properties
Physical description	Colorless gas with a faint, ethereal odor.
Boiling point	-123°F	Molecular weight	64.04
Freezing point/melting point	-227°F	Vapor pressure	35.2 atm
Flash point		Vapor density	2.21
Specific gravity	0.617 at 75°F	Ionization potential	10.29 eV
Lower explosive limit (LEL)	5.5%	Upper explosive limit (UEL)	21.3%
NFPA health rating	1	NFPA fire rating	4
NFPA reactivity rating	2	NFPA special instruction
Vapor hazard ratio (VHR)
Historical exceedance percentage
Target organs

Monitoring Methods Used by OSHA
Analyte code (IMIS no.)
Sampling group
Sampler/Sampling media
Sampling time^*
Sampling volume (TWA)^*
Sampling flow rate (TWA)^*
Sampling volume (STEL/Peak/C)^*
Sampling flow rate (STEL/Peak/C)^*
Analytical method instruments
Method reference
Notes
Special requirements

^* All sampling instructions above are recommended guidelines for OSHA Compliance Safety and Health Officers (CSHOs), please see the corresponding OSHA method reference for complete details.

Bulk/Wipe Method
Wipe Sampler/Sampling media
Bulk Method

On-Site Screening Techniques
Device
Model/Type
Sampling information (see manufacturer instructions)

**Exposure Limits**
OSHA PEL 8-hour TWA (ST) STEL (C) Ceiling Peak		NIOSH REL Up to 10-hour TWA (ST) STEL (C) Ceiling		ACGIH TLV© 8-hour TWA (ST) STEL (C) Ceiling		CAL/OSHA PEL 8-hour TWA (ST) STEL (C) Ceiling Peak
PEL-TWA		REL-TWA	1 ppm	TLV-TWA	500 ppm [1996]	PEL-TWA	100 ppm (262 mg/m³)
PEL-STEL		REL-STEL		TLV-STEL		PEL-STEL
PEL-C		REL-C	5 ppm [15 minutes]	TLV-C		PEL-C
Skin notation	NA	Skin notation	N	Skin notation	N	Skin notation	N
Notes: Not established		Notes: See 29 CFR 1910.1017, Vinyl chloride.		Notes:		Notes:
Health factors: See NIH-NLM PubChem.		IDLH
Carcinogenic classifications: IARC-3, TLV-A4		Notes:
AIHA emergency response planning guidelines - ERPG-1/ERPG-2/ERPG-3:

Additional Resources and Literature References

NOAA: CAMEO Chemicals - 1,1-Difluoroethylene

NIOSH: Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards - Vinylidene fluoride

Literature References

ACGIH: Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values (TLVs) and Biological Exposure Indices (BEIs) - Vinylidene fluoride. See annual publication for most recent information.

Last Updated Date : 01/14/2021

VINYLIDENE CHLORIDE

Chemical Identification
CAS #	75-35-4
Formula	C₂H₂Cl₂
Synonyms	1,1-DCE; 1,1-eichloroethene; 1,1-eichloroethylene; VDC; vinylidene chloride monomer; vinylidene chloride, inhibited; vinylidene dichloride

Physical Properties
Physical description	Colorless liquid or gas (above 89°F) with a mild, sweet, chloroform-like odor.
Boiling point	89.1°F	Molecular weight	96.94
Freezing point/melting point	-188.5°F	Vapor pressure	500 mmHg
Flash point	14°F	Vapor density	3.25
Specific gravity	1.21	Ionization potential	10.00 eV
Lower explosive limit (LEL)	6.5%	Upper explosive limit (UEL)	15.5%
NFPA health rating	4	NFPA fire rating	4
NFPA reactivity rating	2	NFPA special instruction
Vapor hazard ratio (VHR)
Historical exceedance percentage
Target organs

Monitoring Methods Used by OSHA
Analyte code (IMIS no.)	2583
Sampling group
Sampler/Sampling media	CSC tube (100/50 mg) [SKC 226-01]
Sampling time^*
Sampling volume (TWA)^*	3 L
Sampling flow rate (TWA)^*	0.2 L/min
Sampling volume (STEL/Peak/C)^*
Sampling flow rate (STEL/Peak/C)^*
Analytical method instruments	GC-FID
Method reference	OSHA 19 (fully validated)
Notes
Special requirements

^* All sampling instructions above are recommended guidelines for OSHA Compliance Safety and Health Officers (CSHOs), please see the corresponding OSHA method reference for complete details.

Bulk/Wipe Method
Wipe Sampler/Sampling media
Bulk Method

On-Site Screening Techniques
Device
Model/Type
Sampling information (see manufacturer instructions)

**Exposure Limits**
OSHA PEL 8-hour TWA (ST) STEL (C) Ceiling Peak		NIOSH REL Up to 10-hour TWA (ST) STEL (C) Ceiling		ACGIH TLV© 8-hour TWA (ST) STEL (C) Ceiling		CAL/OSHA PEL 8-hour TWA (ST) STEL (C) Ceiling Peak
PEL-TWA		REL-TWA		TLV-TWA	5 ppm [1992]	PEL-TWA	1 ppm (4 mg/m³)
PEL-STEL		REL-STEL		TLV-STEL		PEL-STEL
PEL-C		REL-C		TLV-C		PEL-C
Skin notation	NA	Skin notation	N	Skin notation	N	Skin notation	N
Notes: Not established		Notes: CARCINOGEN (Ca): REDUCE EXPOSURE TO LOWEST FEASIBLE CONCENTRATION (LOQ 0.4 ppm). See Appendix A, NIOSH Potential Occupational Carcinogens.		Notes:		Notes:
Health factors: See NIH-NLM PubChem.		IDLH
Carcinogenic classifications: IARC-3, NIOSH-Ca, TLV-A4, EPA-1		Notes: Ca
AIHA emergency response planning guidelines - ERPG-1/ERPG-2/ERPG-3: --/500 ppm/1000 ppm

Additional Resources and Literature References

NOAA: CAMEO Chemicals - Vinylidene chloride, stabilized

NIOSH: Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards - Vinylidene chloride

Literature References

ACGIH: Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values (TLVs) and Biological Exposure Indices (BEIs) - Vinylidene chloride. See annual publication for most recent information.
Forkert, P.G.: Mechanisms of 1,1-dichloroethylene-induced cytotoxicity in lung and liver. Drug Metab. Rev. 33(1): 49-80, 2001.
Pohanish, R.P. (editor): Vinylidene Chloride. In, Sittig's Handbook of Toxic and Hazardous Chemicals and Carcinogens, Fourth Ed., Vol. 2. Norwich, NY: Noyes Publications, William Andrew Publishing, 2002, pp. 2329-2331.
Speerschneider, P. and Dekant, W.: Renal tumorigenicity of 1,1-dichloroethene in mice: the role of male-specific expression of cytochrome P450 2E1 in the renal bioactivation of 1,1-dichloroethene. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 130(1): 48-56, 1995.

Last Updated Date : 12/19/2018

1,1-DICHLOROETHANE (ETHYLIDENE CHLORIDE)†

Chemical Identification
CAS #	75-34-3
Formula	C₂H₄Cl₂
Synonyms	asymmetrical dichloroethane; ethylidene chloride; 1,1-ethylidene dichloride

Physical Properties
Physical description	Colorless, oily liquid with a chloroform-like odor.
Boiling point	135°F	Molecular weight	99
Freezing point/melting point	-143°F	Vapor pressure	182 mmHg at 68°F
Flash point	22°F	Vapor density	3.44
Specific gravity	1.18	Ionization potential	11.06 eV
Lower explosive limit (LEL)	5.4%	Upper explosive limit (UEL)	11.4%
NFPA health rating	1	NFPA fire rating	3
NFPA reactivity rating	0	NFPA special instruction
Vapor hazard ratio (VHR)
Historical exceedance percentage
Target organs

Monitoring Methods Used by OSHA
Analyte code (IMIS no.)	1160
Sampling group
Sampler/Sampling media	CSC tube (100/50 mg) [SKC 226-01]
Sampling time^*
Sampling volume (TWA)^*	10 L
Sampling flow rate (TWA)^*	0.01-0.2 L/min
Sampling volume (STEL/Peak/C)^*
Sampling flow rate (STEL/Peak/C)^*
Analytical method instruments	GC-FID
Method reference	NIOSH 1003 (fully validated)
Notes
Special requirements

^* All sampling instructions above are recommended guidelines for OSHA Compliance Safety and Health Officers (CSHOs), please see the corresponding OSHA method reference for complete details.

Bulk/Wipe Method
Wipe Sampler/Sampling media
Bulk Method

On-Site Screening Techniques
Device
Model/Type
Sampling information (see manufacturer instructions)

**Exposure Limits**
OSHA PEL 8-hour TWA (ST) STEL (C) Ceiling Peak		NIOSH REL Up to 10-hour TWA (ST) STEL (C) Ceiling		ACGIH TLV© 8-hour TWA (ST) STEL (C) Ceiling		CAL/OSHA PEL 8-hour TWA (ST) STEL (C) Ceiling Peak
PEL-TWA	100 ppm (400 mg/m³)	REL-TWA	100 ppm (400 mg/m³)	TLV-TWA	100 ppm [1990]	PEL-TWA	100 ppm (400 mg/m³)
PEL-STEL		REL-STEL		TLV-STEL		PEL-STEL
PEL-C		REL-C		TLV-C		PEL-C
Skin notation	N	Skin notation	N	Skin notation	N	Skin notation	N
Notes: See 29 CFR 1910.1000 Table Z-1.		Notes: See Appendix C, Supplementary Exposure Limits (Chloroethanes).		Notes:		Notes:
Health factors: See NIH-NLM PubChem.		IDLH	3000 ppm
Carcinogenic classifications: TLV-A4, EPA-C		Notes:
AIHA emergency response planning guidelines - ERPG-1/ERPG-2/ERPG-3:

Additional Resources and Literature References

NOAA: CAMEO Chemicals - 1,1-Dichloroethane

NIOSH: Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards - 1,1-Dichloroethane

Literature References

ACGIH: Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values (TLVs) and Biological Exposure Indices (BEIs) - 1,1-Dichloroethane. See annual publication for most recent information.
International Chemical Safety Cards (WHO/IPCS/ILO): 1,1-Dichloroethane.
EPA Air Toxics Website: Ethylidene Dichloride (1,1-Dichloroethane). U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Technology Transfer Network.
Muralidhara, S., Ramanathan, R., Mehta, S.M., Lash, L.H., Acosta, D. and Bruchner, J.V: Acute, subacute, and chronic oral toxicity studies of 1,1-dichloroethane in rats: application to risk evaluation. Toxicol. Sci. 64(1): 135-145, 2001.
Pohanish, R.P. (editor): Dichlorobenzenes. In, Sittig's Handbook of Toxic and Hazardous Chemicals and Carcinogens, Fourth Ed., Vol. 1. Norwich, NY: Noyes Publications, William Andrew Publishing, 2002, pp. 799-804.

Last Updated Date : 12/14/2020

ISOPROPYLAMINE†

Chemical Identification
CAS #	75-31-0
Formula	C₃H₉N
Synonyms	2-aminopropane; IPAM; monoisopropylamine; 2-propylamine; sec-propylamine

Physical Properties
Physical description	Colorless liquid with an ammonia-like odor.
Boiling point	91°F	Molecular weight	59.1
Freezing point/melting point	-150°F	Vapor pressure	460 mmHg
Flash point	-35°F (open cup)	Vapor density
Specific gravity	0.691	Ionization potential	8.72 eV
Lower explosive limit (LEL)	2%	Upper explosive limit (UEL)	10.4%
NFPA health rating	3	NFPA fire rating	4
NFPA reactivity rating	0	NFPA special instruction
Vapor hazard ratio (VHR)
Historical exceedance percentage
Target organs

Monitoring Methods Used by OSHA
Analyte code (IMIS no.)	1562
Sampling group
Sampler/Sampling media	XAD-2 tube (80/40) coated with 10% 1-naphthylisothiocyanate (NITC) [SKC 226-30-18]
Sampling time^*	200 min
Sampling volume (TWA)^*	20 L
Sampling flow rate (TWA)^*	0.1 L/min
Sampling volume (STEL/Peak/C)^*
Sampling flow rate (STEL/Peak/C)^*
Analytical method instruments	HPLC
Method reference	OSHA PV2126 (partially validated)
Notes
Special requirements

^* All sampling instructions above are recommended guidelines for OSHA Compliance Safety and Health Officers (CSHOs), please see the corresponding OSHA method reference for complete details.

Bulk/Wipe Method
Wipe Sampler/Sampling media
Bulk Method

On-Site Screening Techniques
Device	Detector tube
Model/Type	Gastec 180
Sampling information (see manufacturer instructions)	1 stroke, 1-110 ppm range, uncertainty 16.4% for 6-22 ppm, 8.2% for 22-110 ppm

**Exposure Limits**
OSHA PEL 8-hour TWA (ST) STEL (C) Ceiling Peak		NIOSH REL Up to 10-hour TWA (ST) STEL (C) Ceiling		ACGIH TLV© 8-hour TWA (ST) STEL (C) Ceiling		CAL/OSHA PEL 8-hour TWA (ST) STEL (C) Ceiling Peak
PEL-TWA	5 ppm (12 mg/m³)	REL-TWA		TLV-TWA	5 ppm [1962]	PEL-TWA	5 ppm (12 mg/m³)
PEL-STEL		REL-STEL		TLV-STEL	10 ppm [1962]	PEL-STEL	10 ppm (24 mg/m³)
PEL-C		REL-C		TLV-C		PEL-C
Skin notation	N	Skin notation	N	Skin notation	N	Skin notation	N
Notes: See 29 CFR 1910.1000 Table Z-1.		Notes: See Appendix D - Substances with No Established RELs.		Notes:		Notes:
Health factors: See NIH-NLM PubChem.		IDLH	750 ppm
Carcinogenic classifications: Not listed		Notes:
AIHA emergency response planning guidelines - ERPG-1/ERPG-2/ERPG-3:

Additional Resources and Literature References

NOAA: CAMEO Chemicals - Isopropylamine

NIOSH: Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards - Isopropylamine

Literature References

ACGIH: Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values (TLVs) and Biological Exposure Indices (BEIs) - Isopropylamine. See annual publication for most recent information.
Occupational Health Guidelines for Chemical Hazards. US Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) Publication No. 81-123, (1981, January). Provides a table of contents of guidelines for many hazardous chemicals. The files provide technical chemical information, including chemical and physical properties, health effects, exposure limits, and recommendations for medical monitoring, personal protective equipment (PPE), and control procedures.

Last Updated Date : 12/31/2020

ISOBUTANE

Chemical Identification
CAS #	75-28-5
Formula	C₄H₁₀
Synonyms	2-methylpropane

Physical Properties
Physical description	Colorless gas with a gasoline-like or natural gas odor.
Boiling point	10.8°F	Molecular weight	58.12
Freezing point/melting point	-216.9°F	Vapor pressure	3.1 atm at 70°F
Flash point	-117°F	Vapor density	2.06
Specific gravity	0.557	Ionization potential	10.74 eV
Lower explosive limit (LEL)	1.6%	Upper explosive limit (UEL)	8.4%
NFPA health rating	0	NFPA fire rating	4
NFPA reactivity rating	0	NFPA special instruction
Vapor hazard ratio (VHR)
Historical exceedance percentage
Target organs

Monitoring Methods Used by OSHA
Analyte code (IMIS no.)
Sampling group
Sampler/Sampling media
Sampling time^*
Sampling volume (TWA)^*
Sampling flow rate (TWA)^*
Sampling volume (STEL/Peak/C)^*
Sampling flow rate (STEL/Peak/C)^*
Analytical method instruments
Method reference
Notes
Special requirements

^* All sampling instructions above are recommended guidelines for OSHA Compliance Safety and Health Officers (CSHOs), please see the corresponding OSHA method reference for complete details.

Bulk/Wipe Method
Wipe Sampler/Sampling media
Bulk Method

On-Site Screening Techniques
Device	Detector tube	Detector tube	Detector tube
Model/Type	Gastec 103	Gastec 104	Matheson-Kitagawa 8014-113SB
Sampling information (see manufacturer instructions)	0.5-3 strokes, approx 0.02-1.7% range, uncertainty 16%	1 stroke, approx 10-3080 ppm range, uncertainty 16%	1 stroke, approx 25-1200 ppm range

**Exposure Limits**
OSHA PEL 8-hour TWA (ST) STEL (C) Ceiling Peak		NIOSH REL Up to 10-hour TWA (ST) STEL (C) Ceiling		ACGIH TLV© 8-hour TWA (ST) STEL (C) Ceiling		CAL/OSHA PEL 8-hour TWA (ST) STEL (C) Ceiling Peak
PEL-TWA		REL-TWA	800 ppm (1900 mg/m³)	TLV-TWA		PEL-TWA
PEL-STEL		REL-STEL		TLV-STEL	1000 ppm [2012]	PEL-STEL
PEL-C		REL-C		TLV-C		PEL-C
Skin notation	NA	Skin notation	N	Skin notation	N	Skin notation	NA
Notes: Not established		Notes:		Notes: (EX) Explosion hazard: the substance is a flammable asphyxiant or excursions above the TLV could approach 10% of the LEL		Notes: Not established
Health factors: See NIH-NLM PubChem.		IDLH
Carcinogenic classifications: Not listed		Notes:
AIHA emergency response planning guidelines - ERPG-1/ERPG-2/ERPG-3:

Additional Resources and Literature References

NOAA: CAMEO Chemicals - Isobutane

NIOSH: Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards - Isobutane

Literature References

ACGIH: Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values (TLVs) and Biological Exposure Indices (BEIs) - Butane, isomers. See annual publication for most recent information.
Fuke, C., et al.: A fatal case considered to be due to cardiac arrhythmia associated with butane inhalation. Leg. Med. (Tokyo) 4(2): 134-138, 2002.
Galvin, J.B. and Bond, G.: Isobutane CAS# 75-28-5. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health, Part A 58(1-2): 3-22, 1999.
Pohanish, R.P. (editor): Butanes. In, Sittig's Handbook of Toxic and Hazardous Chemicals and Carcinogens, Fourth Ed., Vol. 1. Norwich, NY: Noyes Publications, William Andrew Publishing, 2002, pp. 386-388.
Rohrig, T.P.: Sudden death due to butane inhalation. Am. J. Forensic Med. Pathol. 18(3): 299-302, 1997.
Tsukamoto, S., Chiba, S., Muto, T., Ishikawa, T. and Shimamura, M.: Study on the metabolism of volatile hydrocarbons in mice-propane, n-butane, and iso-butane. J. Toxicol. Sci. 10(4): 323-332, 1985.

Last Updated Date : 12/31/2020

BROMOFORM†

Chemical Identification
CAS #	75-25-2
Formula	CHBr₃
Synonyms	methyl tribromide; tribromomethane

Physical Properties
Physical description	Colorless to yellow liquid with a chloroform-like odor.
Boiling point	301°F	Molecular weight	252.8
Freezing point/melting point	47°F	Vapor pressure	5 mmHg
Flash point		Vapor density	8.7
Specific gravity	2.89	Ionization potential	10.48 eV
Lower explosive limit (LEL)		Upper explosive limit (UEL)
NFPA health rating		NFPA fire rating
NFPA reactivity rating		NFPA special instruction
Vapor hazard ratio (VHR)
Historical exceedance percentage
Target organs

Monitoring Methods Used by OSHA
Analyte code (IMIS no.)	0400
Sampling group
Sampler/Sampling media	CSC tube (100/50 mg) [SKC 226-01]
Sampling time^*
Sampling volume (TWA)^*	10 L
Sampling flow rate (TWA)^*	0.2 L/min
Sampling volume (STEL/Peak/C)^*
Sampling flow rate (STEL/Peak/C)^*
Analytical method instruments	GC-FID
Method reference	NIOSH 1003 (partially validated)
Notes
Special requirements

^* All sampling instructions above are recommended guidelines for OSHA Compliance Safety and Health Officers (CSHOs), please see the corresponding OSHA method reference for complete details.

Bulk/Wipe Method
Wipe Sampler/Sampling media	Wipe with charcoal pad, seal in glass vial for shipment. [3M 3500]
Bulk Method

On-Site Screening Techniques
Device
Model/Type
Sampling information (see manufacturer instructions)

**Exposure Limits**
OSHA PEL 8-hour TWA (ST) STEL (C) Ceiling Peak		NIOSH REL Up to 10-hour TWA (ST) STEL (C) Ceiling		ACGIH TLV© 8-hour TWA (ST) STEL (C) Ceiling		CAL/OSHA PEL 8-hour TWA (ST) STEL (C) Ceiling Peak
PEL-TWA	0.5 ppm (5 mg/m³)	REL-TWA	0.5 ppm (5.2 mg/m³)	TLV-TWA		PEL-TWA	0.5 ppm (5 mg/m³)
PEL-STEL		REL-STEL		TLV-STEL		PEL-STEL
PEL-C		REL-C		TLV-C		PEL-C
Skin notation	Y	Skin notation	Y	Skin notation	N	Skin notation	Y
Notes: See 29 CFR 1910.1000 Table Z-1.		Notes:		Notes: Visit the ACGIH TLV site for specific data		Notes:
Health factors: See NIH-NLM PubChem.		IDLH	850 ppm
Carcinogenic classifications: EPA-B2, IARC-3, TLV-A3		Notes:
AIHA emergency response planning guidelines - ERPG-1/ERPG-2/ERPG-3:

Additional Resources and Literature References

NOAA: CAMEO Chemicals - Bromoform

NIOSH: Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards - Bromoform

Literature References

ACGIH: Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values (TLVs) and Biological Exposure Indices (BEIs) - Bromoform. See annual publication for most recent information.
EPA Air Toxics Website: Bromoform. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Technology Transfer Network.
Fantuzzi, G., Righi, E., Predieri, G., Ceppelli, G., Gobba, F. and Aggassotti, G.: Occupational exposure to trihalomethanes in indoor swimming pools. Sci. Total Environ. 264(3): 257-265, 2001.
Kash, T.L., Jenkins, A. and Harrison, N.L.: Molecular volume determines the activity of the halogenated alkane bromoform at wild-type and mutant GABA(A) receptors. Brain Res. 960(1-2): 36-41, 2003.
Pohanish, R.P. (editor): Bromoform. In, Sittig's Handbook of Toxic and Hazardous Chemicals and Carcinogens, Fourth Ed., Vol. 1. Norwich, NY: Noyes Publications, William Andrew Publishing, 2002, pp. 377-379.
Anders, M.W., Stevens, J.L., Sprague, R.W., Shaath, Z. and Ahmed, A.E.: Metabolism of haloforms to carbon monoxide. II. In vivo studies. Drug Metab. Dispos. 6(5): 556-560, 1978.
Xu, X., Mariano, T.M., Laskin, J.D. and Weisel, C.P.: Percutaneous absorption of trihalomethanes, haloacetic acids, and haloketones. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 184(1): 19-26, 2002.

Last Updated Date : 04/03/2024

ETHYLENE OXIDE‡

Chemical Identification
CAS #	75-21-8
Formula	C₂H₄O
Synonyms	dimethylene oxide; 1,2-epoxyethane; oxirane; ETO

Physical Properties
Physical description	Colorless gas or liquid (below 51°F) with an ether-like odor.
Boiling point	51°F	Molecular weight	44.1
Freezing point/melting point	-171°F	Vapor pressure	1.46 atm
Flash point	-20°F (liquid)	Vapor density	1.49
Specific gravity	0.82 (liquid at 50°F)	Ionization potential	10.56 eV
Lower explosive limit (LEL)	3.0%	Upper explosive limit (UEL)	100%
NFPA health rating	3	NFPA fire rating	4
NFPA reactivity rating	3	NFPA special instruction
Vapor hazard ratio (VHR)
Historical exceedance percentage
Target organs

Monitoring Methods Used by OSHA
Analyte code (IMIS no.)	1190
Sampling group
Sampler/Sampling media	HBr coated Anasorb 747 (100/50 mg) [SKC 226-178]
Sampling time^*	240 min
Sampling volume (TWA)^*	12 L
Sampling flow rate (TWA)^*	0.05 L/min
Sampling volume (STEL/Peak/C)^*	0.75 L
Sampling flow rate (STEL/Peak/C)^*	0.05 L/min
Analytical method instruments	GC-ECD
Method reference	OSHA 1010v.2 (fully validated)
Notes
Special requirements

^* All sampling instructions above are recommended guidelines for OSHA Compliance Safety and Health Officers (CSHOs), please see the corresponding OSHA method reference for complete details.

Bulk/Wipe Method
Wipe Sampler/Sampling media
Bulk Method

On-Site Screening Techniques
Device	Detector tubes	Detector tubes	Detector tube	Detector tube	Detector tube	CMS Chip
Model/Type	Dräger - Ethylene oxide 1/a, 6728961; Ethylene oxide 25/a, 6728241	Gastec 163LL, 163L	Gastec 163	Matheson-Kitagawa 8014-122SC	Matheson-Kitagawa 8014-122SA	Ethylene oxide, 0.4-5 ppm range
Sampling information (see manufacturer instructions)	1/a: 20 strokes, 1-15 ppm range, uncertainty 32%. 25/a: 30 strokes, 10-500 ppm range, uncertainty 32%	163 LL: 2-4 strokes, 0.5-10 ppm range, uncertainty 25% for 0.1-0.5 ppm, 16% for 1-5 ppm. 163L: 1-4 strokes, 0.1-350 ppm range, uncertainty 25% for 1-20 ppm, 16% for 20-100 ppm	1 stroke, 0.02-3% range, uncertainty 16% for 0.05-1%, 8% for 1-3%	follow mfr instructions, approx 1-15 ppm range	follow mfr instructions, approx 0.01-4% range

**Exposure Limits**
OSHA PEL 8-hour TWA (ST) STEL (C) Ceiling Peak		NIOSH REL Up to 10-hour TWA (ST) STEL (C) Ceiling		ACGIH TLV© 8-hour TWA (ST) STEL (C) Ceiling		CAL/OSHA PEL 8-hour TWA (ST) STEL (C) Ceiling Peak
PEL-TWA	1 ppm [0.5 ppm Action Level]	REL-TWA	<0.1 ppm (<0.18 mg/m³)	TLV-TWA	1 ppm [1990]	PEL-TWA	1 ppm (2 mg/m³)
PEL-STEL		REL-STEL		TLV-STEL		PEL-STEL	5 ppm
PEL-C	5 ppm [15 minute excursion limit]	REL-C	5 ppm (9 mg/m³)[10 minutes]	TLV-C		PEL-C
Skin notation	N	Skin notation	N	Skin notation	N	Skin notation	N
Notes: See 29 CFR 1910.1047 Ethylene oxide		Notes: CARCINOGEN (Ca): REDUCE EXPOSURE TO LOWEST FEASIBLE CONCENTRATION. See Appendix A		Notes:		Notes: See also 5220. Ethylene Oxide
Health factors: See NIH-NLM PubChem.		IDLH	800 ppm
Carcinogenic classifications: IARC-1, NIOSH-Ca, NTP-K, OSHA-Ca, TLV-A2		Notes: Ca
AIHA emergency response planning guidelines - ERPG-1/ERPG-2/ERPG-3: --/50 ppm/500 ppm

Additional Resources and Literature References

NOAA: CAMEO Chemicals - Ethylene oxide

NIOSH: Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards - Ethylene oxide

Literature References

EPA: Hazard Summary - Ethylene Oxide.
ACGIH: Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values (TLVs) and Biological Exposure Indices (BEIs) - Ethylene Oxide. See annual publication for most recent information.
Deschamps, D., Rosenberg, N., Soler, P., Maillard, G., Fournier, E., Salson, D. and Gervais, P.: Persistent asthma after accidental exposure to ethylene oxide. Br. J. Ind. Med. 49(7): 523-525, 1992.
Kolman, A., Chovanec, M. and Osterman-Golkar, S.: Genotoxic effects of ethylene oxide, propylene oxide and epichlorhydrin in humans: update review (1990-2001). Mutat. Res. 512(2-3): 173-194, 2002.
No authors listed: Ethylene Oxide. IARC Monogr. Eval. Carcinog. Risks Hum. 100F, 2010.
Mikoczy, Z., Tinnerberg, H., Bjork, J., and Albin, M.: Cancer incidence and mortality in Swedish sterilant workers exposed to ethylene cxide: Updated cohort study findings 1972-2006. Int J Environ Res Public Health 8(6): 2009-2019, 2011.
NTP: Report on Carcinogens Ethylene Oxide, 2012
NIOSH: Occupational Safety and Health Guideline for Ethylene Oxide, Potential Human Carcinogen. 1988.

Last Updated Date : 09/13/2024

CARBON DISULFIDE†

Chemical Identification
CAS #	75-15-0
Formula	CS₂
Synonyms	carbon bisulfide

Physical Properties
Physical description	Colorless to faint-yellow liquid with a sweet ether-like odor.
Boiling point	116°F	Molecular weight	76.13
Freezing point/melting point	-169°F	Vapor pressure	297 mmHg
Flash point	-22°F	Vapor density	2.67
Specific gravity	1.26	Ionization potential	10.08 eV
Lower explosive limit (LEL)	1.3%	Upper explosive limit (UEL)	50%
NFPA health rating	3	NFPA fire rating	4
NFPA reactivity rating	0	NFPA special instruction
Vapor hazard ratio (VHR)
Historical exceedance percentage
Target organs

Monitoring Methods Used by OSHA
Analyte code (IMIS no.)	0540
Sampling group
Sampler/Sampling media	Solid sorbent tube + Drying tube (coconut shell charcoal, 100 mg/50 mg, and sodium sulfate, 270 mg)
Sampling time^*
Sampling volume (TWA)^*	2 L - 25 L
Sampling flow rate (TWA)^*	0.01-0.2 L/min
Sampling volume (STEL/Peak/C)^*
Sampling flow rate (STEL/Peak/C)^*
Analytical method instruments	GC-FPD
Method reference	NIOSH 1600 (fully validated)
Notes
Special requirements

^* All sampling instructions above are recommended guidelines for OSHA Compliance Safety and Health Officers (CSHOs), please see the corresponding OSHA method reference for complete details.

Bulk/Wipe Method
Wipe Sampler/Sampling media
Bulk Method

On-Site Screening Techniques
Device	Detector tube	Detector tube
Model/Type	Matheson-Kitagawa 8014-141SB	Gastec 13
Sampling information (see manufacturer instructions)	follow mfr instructions, approx 1-50 ppm range	0.5-4 strokes, 0.3-100 ppm range, uncertainty 16.4% for 2.5-10 ppm, 8.2% for 10-50 ppm

**Exposure Limits**
OSHA PEL 8-hour TWA (ST) STEL (C) Ceiling Peak		NIOSH REL Up to 10-hour TWA (ST) STEL (C) Ceiling		ACGIH TLV© 8-hour TWA (ST) STEL (C) Ceiling		CAL/OSHA PEL 8-hour TWA (ST) STEL (C) Ceiling Peak
PEL-TWA	20 ppm	REL-TWA	1 ppm (3 mg/m³)	TLV-TWA		PEL-TWA	1 ppm (3 mg/m³)
PEL-STEL		REL-STEL	10 ppm (30 mg/m³)	TLV-STEL		PEL-STEL	12 ppm (36 mg/m³)
PEL-C	30 ppm (C), 100 ppm for 30 minutes max (Peak)	REL-C		TLV-C		PEL-C	30 ppm
Skin notation	N	Skin notation	Y	Skin notation	Y	Skin notation	Y
Notes: See 29 CFR 1910.1000 Table Z-2. The OSHA Construction and Maritime Industries PEL is 20 ppm (60 mg/m³) as an 8 hr TWA, but there are no Construction or Maritime Ceiling or Peak values for carbon disulfide. Construction and Maritime regulations include a skin designation. See 29 CFR 1926.55 Table 1 and 29 CFR 1915.1000 Table Z-Shipyards.		Notes:		Notes: Visit the ACGIH TLV site for specific data BEI®		Notes:
Health factors: See NIH-NLM PubChem.		IDLH	500 ppm
Carcinogenic classifications: TLV-A4		Notes:
AIHA emergency response planning guidelines - ERPG-1/ERPG-2/ERPG-3: 1 ppm/50 ppm/500 ppm

Additional Resources and Literature References

NOAA: CAMEO Chemicals - Carbon disulfide

NIOSH: Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards - Carbon disulfide

Literature References

ACGIH: Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values (TLVs) and Biological Exposure Indices (BEIs) - Carbon disulfide. See annual publication for most recent information.
Abadin, H. and Liccione, J.J.: Toxicological Profile for Carbon Disulfide (Update). Atlanta: ATSDR/PHS/USDHHS (U.S. Government Printing Office, 1996-739-324, 1996.
EPA Air Toxics Website: Carbon disulfide. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Technology Transfer Network.
(reduced color discrimination) Vanhoorne, M., De Rouck, A. and Bacquer, D.: Epidemiological study of the systemic ophthalmological effects of carbon disulfide. Arch. Environ. Health 51(3): 181-188, 1996.
Wang, C., Tan, X., Bi, Y., Su, Y., Yan, J., Ma, S., He, J., Braeckman, L., De Bacquer, D., Wang, F. and Vanhoorne, M.: Cross-sectional study of the ophthalmological effects of carbon disulfide in Chinese viscose workers. Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health 205(5) : 367-372, 2002.
(proposed biomarker) Valentine, W.M., Amarnath, V., Amarnath, K., Erve, J.C., Graham, D.G., Morgan, D.L. and Sills, R.C.: Covalent modification of hemoglobin by carbon disulfide: III. A potential biomarker of effect. Neurotoxicology 19(1): 99-107, 1997.

Last Updated Date : 04/17/2024

PHOSGENE (CARBONYL CHLORIDE)†

Chemical Identification

Physical Properties

Monitoring Methods Used by OSHA

Bulk/Wipe Method

On-Site Screening Techniques

Exposure Limits

Additional Resources and Literature References

DICHLOROMONOFLUOROMETHANE†

Chemical Identification

Physical Properties

Monitoring Methods Used by OSHA

Bulk/Wipe Method

On-Site Screening Techniques

Exposure Limits

Additional Resources and Literature References

VINYLIDENE FLUORIDE

Chemical Identification

Physical Properties

Monitoring Methods Used by OSHA

Bulk/Wipe Method

On-Site Screening Techniques

Exposure Limits

Additional Resources and Literature References

VINYLIDENE CHLORIDE

Chemical Identification

Physical Properties

Monitoring Methods Used by OSHA

Bulk/Wipe Method

On-Site Screening Techniques

Exposure Limits

Additional Resources and Literature References

1,1-DICHLOROETHANE (ETHYLIDENE CHLORIDE)†

Chemical Identification

Physical Properties

Monitoring Methods Used by OSHA

Bulk/Wipe Method

On-Site Screening Techniques

Exposure Limits

Additional Resources and Literature References

ISOPROPYLAMINE†

Chemical Identification

Physical Properties

Monitoring Methods Used by OSHA

Bulk/Wipe Method

On-Site Screening Techniques

Exposure Limits

Additional Resources and Literature References

ISOBUTANE

Chemical Identification

Physical Properties

Monitoring Methods Used by OSHA

Bulk/Wipe Method

On-Site Screening Techniques

Exposure Limits

Additional Resources and Literature References

BROMOFORM†

Chemical Identification

Physical Properties

Monitoring Methods Used by OSHA

Bulk/Wipe Method

On-Site Screening Techniques

Exposure Limits

Additional Resources and Literature References

ETHYLENE OXIDE‡

Chemical Identification

Physical Properties

Monitoring Methods Used by OSHA

Bulk/Wipe Method

On-Site Screening Techniques

Exposure Limits

Additional Resources and Literature References

CARBON DISULFIDE†

Chemical Identification

Physical Properties

Monitoring Methods Used by OSHA

Bulk/Wipe Method

On-Site Screening Techniques

Exposure Limits

Additional Resources and Literature References