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BENZO[A]PYRENE†

Chemical Identification
CAS #	50-32-8
Formula	C₂₀H₁₂
Synonyms	BaP, 1,2-benzpyrene; 3,4-BP; 3,4-benzo(a)pyrene; 4,5-benzpyrene; 6,7-benzopyrene; benzo(d,e,f)chrysene; B(a)P). Synonyms vary depending upon the specific compound (e.g., pyrene, phenanthrene, acridine, chrysene, anthracene)

Physical Properties
Physical description	Odorless, silver-gray to black solid.
Boiling point	5612°F	Molecular weight	252.32
Freezing point/melting point	3497-3515°F	Vapor pressure	depends upon the specific compound
Flash point		Vapor density	8.7
Specific gravity	>1	Ionization potential
Lower explosive limit (LEL)		Upper explosive limit (UEL)	2719°F
NFPA health rating	0	NFPA fire rating	1
NFPA reactivity rating	0	NFPA special instruction
Vapor hazard ratio (VHR)
Historical exceedance percentage
Target organs

Monitoring Methods Used by OSHA
Analyte code (IMIS no.)	0726
Sampling group
Sampler/Sampling media	Coal Tar Pitch Volatiles (CTPV) Sampling Filters and Cassette [SLTC109]
Sampling time^*	480 min
Sampling volume (TWA)^*	960 L
Sampling flow rate (TWA)^*	2 L/min
Sampling volume (STEL/Peak/C)^*
Sampling flow rate (STEL/Peak/C)^*
Analytical method instruments	HPLC-UV
Method reference	OSHA 58 (fully validated)
Notes	OSHA 58 is validated in conjunction with Coal Tar Pitch Volatiles and Coke Oven Emissions. OSHA personnel can obtain pre-cleaned filters, vials, and teflon-lined caps from the SLTC.
Special requirements	These media are prepared by SLTC as needed and are not available for immediate shipment. Please allow time for SLTC to prepare these media prior to sampling. After sampling, filter must be transferred to a vial with a teflon-lined cap. Sample must be protected from direct sunlight.

^* All sampling instructions above are recommended guidelines for OSHA Compliance Safety and Health Officers (CSHOs), please see the corresponding OSHA method reference for complete details.

Bulk/Wipe Method
Wipe Sampler/Sampling media
Bulk Method

On-Site Screening Techniques
Device
Model/Type
Sampling information (see manufacturer instructions)

**Exposure Limits**
OSHA PEL 8-hour TWA (ST) STEL (C) Ceiling Peak		NIOSH REL Up to 10-hour TWA (ST) STEL (C) Ceiling		ACGIH TLV© 8-hour TWA (ST) STEL (C) Ceiling		CAL/OSHA PEL 8-hour TWA (ST) STEL (C) Ceiling Peak
PEL-TWA	0.2 mg/m³ as Coal tar pitch volatiles (benzene soluble fraction)	REL-TWA	0.1 mg/m³ as Coal tar pitch volatiles (cyclohexane extractable fraction)	TLV-TWA		PEL-TWA	0.2 mg/m³ as Coal tar pitch volatiles
PEL-STEL		REL-STEL		TLV-STEL		PEL-STEL
PEL-C		REL-C		TLV-C		PEL-C
Skin notation	N	Skin notation	N	Skin notation	N	Skin notation	N
Notes: See 29 CFR 1910.1000 Table Z-1.		Notes: CARCINOGEN (Ca); COAL TAR PITCH VOLATILE, CYCLOHEXANE-EXTRACTABLE FRACTION. See Appendix A, NIOSH Potential Occupational Carcinogens and Appendix C, Supplementary Exposure Limits.		Notes: Visit the ACGIH TLV site for specific data BEI®		Notes:
Health factors: See NIH-NLM PubChem.		IDLH	80 mg/m³
Carcinogenic classifications: EPA-B2, IARC-1, NIOSH-Ca, NTP-R, TLV-A2		Notes: Ca
AIHA emergency response planning guidelines - ERPG-1/ERPG-2/ERPG-3:

Additional Resources and Literature References

NOAA: CAMEO Chemicals - Benzo[a]pyrene

NIOSH: Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards - Coal tar pitch volatiles

Literature References

ACGIH: Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values (TLVs) and Biological Exposure Indices (BEIs) - Benzo[a]pyrene. See annual publication for most recent information.
Burstyn I, Kromhout H, Partanen T, Svane O, Langård S, Ahrens W, Kauppinen T, Stücker I, Shaham J, Heederik D, Ferro G, Heikkilä P, Hooiveld M, Johansen C, Randem BG, Boffetta P.: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and fatal ischemic heart disease. Epidemiology 16(6):744-50, November 2005.
IARC: Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans. Some Non-heterocyclic Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Some Related Industrial Exposures , v 92. 2005.
Friesen MC, Demers PA, Spinelli JJ, Lorenzi MF, Le ND: Comparison of two indices of exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in a retrospective aluminium smelter cohort. Occup Environ Med. 64(4):273-8, April 2007.
Gibbs GW and Sevigny M: Mortality and cancer experience of Quebec aluminum reduction plant workers, part 4: cancer incidence. J Occup Environ Med. 49(12):1351-66, December 2007.
Li D, Day RS, Bondy ML, Sinha R, Nguyen NT, Evans DB, Abbruzzese JL, Hassan MM: Dietary mutagen exposure and risk of pancreatic cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 16(4):655-61, April 2007.
Niu Q, Zhang H, Li X, Li M. Benzo[a]pyrene-induced neurobehavioral function and neurotransmitter alterations in coke oven workers. Occup Environ Med. 67(7):444-8, July 2010.
Spinelli JJ, Demers PA, Le ND, Friesen MD, Lorenzi MF, Fang R, Gallagher RP. Cancer risk in aluminum reduction plant workers (Canada). Cancer Causes Control. 17(7):939-48, September 2006.

Last Updated Date : 04/02/2024

FORMALIN (as FORMALDEHYDE)‡

Chemical Identification
CAS #	50-00-0
Formula	CH₂O
Synonyms	formic aldehyde; lysoform; methanal; oxomethane; oxymethylene solution; paraform; formaldehyde (solution)

Physical Properties
Physical description	Nearly colorless gas with a pungent, suffocating odor.
Boiling point	214°F	Molecular weight	varies
Freezing point/melting point	-134°F	Vapor pressure	1 mmHg
Flash point	185°F	Vapor density	1.04
Specific gravity		Ionization potential	10.88 eV
Lower explosive limit (LEL)	7%	Upper explosive limit (UEL)	73%
NFPA health rating	3	NFPA fire rating	2
NFPA reactivity rating	0	NFPA special instruction
Vapor hazard ratio (VHR)
Historical exceedance percentage
Target organs

Monitoring Methods Used by OSHA
Analyte code (IMIS no.)
Sampling group
Sampler/Sampling media
Sampling time^*
Sampling volume (TWA)^*
Sampling flow rate (TWA)^*
Sampling volume (STEL/Peak/C)^*
Sampling flow rate (STEL/Peak/C)^*
Analytical method instruments
Method reference
Notes	See FORMALDEHYDE. Do NOT use passive monitors to sample for formalin.
Special requirements

^* All sampling instructions above are recommended guidelines for OSHA Compliance Safety and Health Officers (CSHOs), please see the corresponding OSHA method reference for complete details.

Bulk/Wipe Method
Wipe Sampler/Sampling media
Bulk Method

On-Site Screening Techniques
Device
Model/Type
Sampling information (see manufacturer instructions)

**Exposure Limits**
OSHA PEL 8-hour TWA (ST) STEL (C) Ceiling Peak		NIOSH REL Up to 10-hour TWA (ST) STEL (C) Ceiling		ACGIH TLV© 8-hour TWA (ST) STEL (C) Ceiling		CAL/OSHA PEL 8-hour TWA (ST) STEL (C) Ceiling Peak
PEL-TWA	0.75 ppm [0.5 ppm Action Level]	REL-TWA	0.016 ppm	TLV-TWA	0.1 ppm [2016]	PEL-TWA	0.75 ppm [0.50 ppm Action Level]
PEL-STEL	2 ppm	REL-STEL		TLV-STEL	0.3 ppm [2016]	PEL-STEL	2 ppm
PEL-C		REL-C	0.1 ppm [15 minutes]	TLV-C		PEL-C
Skin notation	N	Skin notation	N	Skin notation	N	Skin notation	N
Notes: See 29 CFR 1910.1048, Formaldehyde.		Notes: CARCINOGEN (Ca): REDUCE EXPOSURE TO LOWEST FEASIBLE CONCENTRATION. See Appendix A, NIOSH Potential Occupational Carcinogens.		Notes: respiratory sensitizer (RSEN), dermal sensitizer (DSEN)		Notes: See California Code of Regulations; Title 8, §5217. Formaldehyde.
Health factors: See NIH-NLM PubChem.		IDLH	20 ppm
Carcinogenic classifications: IARC-1, NIOSH-Ca, NTP-R, OSHA-Ca, TLV-A1, EPA-B1		Notes: Ca
AIHA emergency response planning guidelines - ERPG-1/ERPG-2/ERPG-3: 1 ppm/10 ppm/40 ppm

Additional Resources and Literature References

NOAA: CAMEO Chemicals - Formaldehyde, solutions (formalin) (corrosive)

NIOSH: Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards - Formalin (as formaldehyde)

Literature References

ACGIH: Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values (TLVs) and Biological Exposure Indices (BEIs) - Formaldehyde. See annual publication for most recent information.
EPA: Hazard Summary - Formaldehyde.
ATSDR: Toxicological profile for formaldehyde. July 1999 (Addendum 2010).
Collins, J.J., Esman, N.A., Hall, T.A.: A review and meta-analysis of formaldehyde exposure and pancreatic cancer. Am J Ind Med. 39(3):336-45, March 2001.
EPA IRIS Formaldehyde 1991.
Hauptmann, M., Lubin, J.H., Stewart, P.A., Hayes, R.B., and Blair, A.: Mortality from solid cancers among workers in formaldehyde industries. Am J Epidemiol. 15;159(12):1117-30, June 2004.
Hauptmann, M., Stewart, P.A., Lubin, J.H., Beane Freeman, L.E., Hornung, R.W., Herrick, R.F., Hoover, R.N., Fraumeni, J.F. Jr., Blair, A., and Hayes, R.B.: Mortality from lymphohematopoietic malignancies and brain cancer among embalmers exposed to formaldehyde. J Natl Cancer Inst. 101(24):1696-708, December 16, 2009.
IARC Monographs on the evaluation of Carcinogenicity to Humans, volume 100F, Formaldehyde, 2012.
Kilburn, K.H.: Neurobehavioral impairment and seizures from formaldehyde. Arch Environ Health. 49(1):37-44, Jan-Feb 1994.
National Toxicology Program Report on Carcinogens Substance Profile Formaldehyde.
NIOSH: Criteria for a Recommended Standard: Occupational Exposure to Formaldehyde. 1976.
NIOSH: Occupational Health Guideline for Formaldehyde. 1988.
OSHA: Occupational Safety and Health Standards - Toxic and Hazardous Substances - Formaldehyde. 29 CFR 1910.1048.
OSHA: Occupational Safety and Health Standards - Toxic and Hazardous Substances, Substance Technical Guidelines for Formalin. 29 CFR 1910.1048 App A.
OSHA: Occupational Safety and Health Standards - Toxic and Hazardous Substances, Medical Surveillance - Formaldehyde. 29 CFR 1910.1048 App C.
Stroup, N.E., Blair, A., and Erikson, G.E.: Brain cancer and other causes of death in anatomists. J Natl Cancer Inst. 77(6):1217-24, December 1986.

Last Updated Date : 12/29/2020

FORMALDEHYDE‡

Chemical Identification
CAS #	50-00-0
Formula	CH₂O
Synonyms	methanal, methyl aldehyde, methylene oxide, formalin, oxymethylene, formic aldehyde, oxymethylene

Physical Properties
Physical description	Colorless aqueous solution of formaldehyde with a pungent, irritating odor. Gas at ordinary conditions.
Boiling point	-6°F	Molecular weight	30
Freezing point/melting point	-134°F	Vapor pressure	>1 atm
Flash point	varies from 122-141°F	Vapor density	1.04
Specific gravity		Ionization potential	10.88 eV
Lower explosive limit (LEL)	7%	Upper explosive limit (UEL)	73%
NFPA health rating	3	NFPA fire rating	4
NFPA reactivity rating	0	NFPA special instruction
Vapor hazard ratio (VHR)
Historical exceedance percentage
Target organs

Monitoring Methods Used by OSHA
Analyte code (IMIS no.)	1290	1290
Sampling group
Sampler/Sampling media	XAD-2 tube (150/75 mg) coated with 10% 2-(hydroxymethyl)piperidine [SKC 226-117]	XAD-2 tube (23/45 mg) coated with 10% 2-(hydroxymethyl)piperidine [SKC 226-54]
Sampling time^*	240 min	15 min
Sampling volume (TWA)^*	24 L
Sampling flow rate (TWA)^*	0.1 L/min
Sampling volume (STEL/Peak/C)^*		3 L
Sampling flow rate (STEL/Peak/C)^*		0.2 L/min
Analytical method instruments	GC-NPD	GC-NPD
Method reference	OSHA 52 (fully validated)	OSHA 52 (fully validated)
Notes	When formaldehyde and acrolein are sampled together, their sample volume must be 24 L	Only use for formaldehyde STEL sampling.
Special requirements

^* All sampling instructions above are recommended guidelines for OSHA Compliance Safety and Health Officers (CSHOs), please see the corresponding OSHA method reference for complete details.

Bulk/Wipe Method
Wipe Sampler/Sampling media
Bulk Method

On-Site Screening Techniques
Device	Detector tubes	Detector tubes	Detector tube	Detector tube
Model/Type	Matheson-Kitagawa 8014-171SB, 8014-171SA, 8014-171SC	Gastec 91, 91M, 91L, 91LL	Dräger - Formaldehyde 0.2/a, 6733081	Dräger - Formaldehyde 2/a, 8101751
Sampling information (see manufacturer instructions)	ranges vary, follow mfr instructions	91: 0.5-2 strokes, 0.5-100 ppm range, uncertainty 25% for 2 to 6 ppm, 16.4% for 6 to 20 ppm, 91M: 0.5-2 strokes, approx 4-6400 ppm range, uncertainty 16.4% for 8 to 200 ppm, 8.2% for 500 to 2000 ppm, 91L: 1-2 strokes, approx 0.05-40 ppm range, uncertainty	10 or 20 strokes, 0.1-5 ppm range, 33% uncertainty	5 strokes, 0.5- 40 ppm range, 33% uncertainty

**Exposure Limits**
OSHA PEL 8-hour TWA (ST) STEL (C) Ceiling Peak		NIOSH REL Up to 10-hour TWA (ST) STEL (C) Ceiling		ACGIH TLV© 8-hour TWA (ST) STEL (C) Ceiling		CAL/OSHA PEL 8-hour TWA (ST) STEL (C) Ceiling Peak
PEL-TWA	0.75 ppm [0.5 ppm Action Level]	REL-TWA	0.016 ppm	TLV-TWA	0.1 ppm [2016]	PEL-TWA	0.75 ppm [0.50 ppm Action Level]
PEL-STEL	2 ppm	REL-STEL		TLV-STEL	0.3 ppm [2016]	PEL-STEL	2 ppm
PEL-C		REL-C	0.1 ppm [15 minutes]	TLV-C		PEL-C
Skin notation	N	Skin notation	Y	Skin notation	N	Skin notation	N
Notes: See 29 CFR 1910.1048, Formaldehyde.		Notes: CARCINOGEN (Ca): REDUCE EXPOSURE TO LOWEST FEASIBLE CONCENTRATION. See Appendix A, NIOSH Potential Occupational Carcinogens.		Notes: respiratory sensitizer (RSEN), dermal sensitizer (DSEN)		Notes: See California Code of Regulations; Title 8, §5217. Formaldehyde.
Health factors: See NIH-NLM PubChem.		IDLH	20 ppm
Carcinogenic classifications: IARC-1, NIOSH-Ca, NTP-R, OSHA-Ca, TLV-A1, EPA-B1		Notes: Ca
AIHA emergency response planning guidelines - ERPG-1/ERPG-2/ERPG-3: 1 ppm/10 ppm/40 ppm

Additional Resources and Literature References

NOAA: CAMEO Chemicals - Formaldehyde

NIOSH: Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards - Formaldehyde

Literature References

ACGIH: Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values (TLVs) and Biological Exposure Indices (BEIs) - Formaldehyde. See annual publication for most recent information.
EPA: Hazard Summary - Formaldehyde.
ATSDR: Toxicological profile for formaldehyde. July 1999 (Addendum 2010).
Collins, J.J., Esman, N.A., Hall, T.A.: A review and meta-analysis of formaldehyde exposure and pancreatic cancer. Am J Ind Med. 39(3):336-45, March 2001.
EPA IRIS Formaldehyde 1991.
Hauptmann, M., Lubin, J.H., Stewart, P.A., Hayes, R.B., and Blair, A.: Mortality from solid cancers among workers in formaldehyde industries. Am J Epidemiol. 15;159(12):1117-30, June 2004.
Hauptmann, M., Stewart, P.A., Lubin, J.H., Beane Freeman, L.E., Hornung, R.W., Herrick, R.F., Hoover, R.N., Fraumeni, J.F. Jr., Blair, A., and Hayes, R.B.: Mortality from lymphohematopoietic malignancies and brain cancer among embalmers exposed to formaldehyde. J Natl Cancer Inst. 101(24):1696-708, December 16, 2009.
IARC Monographs on the evaluation of Carcinogenicity to Humans, volume 100F, Formaldehyde, 2012.
Kilburn, K.H.: Neurobehavioral impairment and seizures from formaldehyde. Arch Environ Health. 49(1):37-44, Jan-Feb 1994.
National Toxicology Program Report on Carcinogens Substance Profile Formaldehyde.
NIOSH: Criteria for a Recommended Standard: Occupational Exposure to Formaldehyde. 1976.
NIOSH: Occupational Health Guideline for Formaldehyde. 1988.
OSHA: Occupational Safety and Health Standards - Toxic and Hazardous Substances - Formaldehyde. 29 CFR 1910.1048.
OSHA: Occupational Safety and Health Standards - Toxic and Hazardous Substances, Substance Technical Guidelines for Formalin. 29 CFR 1910.1048 App A.
OSHA: Occupational Safety and Health Standards - Toxic and Hazardous Substances, Medical Surveillance - Formaldehyde. 29 CFR 1910.1048 App C.
Stroup, N.E., Blair, A., and Erikson, G.E.: Brain cancer and other causes of death in anatomists. J Natl Cancer Inst. 77(6):1217-24, December 1986.

Last Updated Date : 04/14/2021

PARAQUAT (PARAQUAT DICHLORIDE)†

Chemical Identification
CAS #	4685-14-7
Formula	C₁₂H₁₄N₂+2
Synonyms	1,1'-dimethyl-4,4'-bipyridinium dichloride; N,N'-dimethyl-4,4'-bipyridinium dichloride; paraquat chloride; paraquat dichloride

Physical Properties
Physical description	[herbicide] [Note: Paraquat may also be found commercially as a methyl sulfate
Boiling point	decomposes	Molecular weight	257.18
Freezing point/melting point	572°F (decomposes)	Vapor pressure	<0.0000001 mmHg
Flash point		Vapor density
Specific gravity	1.24	Ionization potential
Lower explosive limit (LEL)		Upper explosive limit (UEL)
NFPA health rating		NFPA fire rating
NFPA reactivity rating		NFPA special instruction
Vapor hazard ratio (VHR)
Historical exceedance percentage
Target organs

Monitoring Methods Used by OSHA
Analyte code (IMIS no.)	1982 (respirable dust)
Sampling group
Sampler/Sampling media	PTFE filter, 1 µm [SKC 225-2705]
Sampling time^*
Sampling volume (TWA)^*	40-1000 L
Sampling flow rate (TWA)^*	1-4 L/min
Sampling volume (STEL/Peak/C)^*
Sampling flow rate (STEL/Peak/C)^*
Analytical method instruments	HPLC-UV
Method reference	NIOSH 5003 (fully validated)
Notes
Special requirements

^* All sampling instructions above are recommended guidelines for OSHA Compliance Safety and Health Officers (CSHOs), please see the corresponding OSHA method reference for complete details.

Bulk/Wipe Method
Wipe Sampler/Sampling media
Bulk Method

On-Site Screening Techniques
Device
Model/Type
Sampling information (see manufacturer instructions)

**Exposure Limits**
OSHA PEL 8-hour TWA (ST) STEL (C) Ceiling Peak		NIOSH REL Up to 10-hour TWA (ST) STEL (C) Ceiling		ACGIH TLV© 8-hour TWA (ST) STEL (C) Ceiling		CAL/OSHA PEL 8-hour TWA (ST) STEL (C) Ceiling Peak
PEL-TWA	0.5 mg/m³ (resp dust)	REL-TWA	0.1 mg/m³ (resp)	TLV-TWA	0.05 mg/m³ (inhalable particulate matter) [2017]	PEL-TWA	0.5 mg/m³ (total particulates), 0.1 mg/m³ (respirable sizes)
PEL-STEL		REL-STEL		TLV-STEL		PEL-STEL
PEL-C		REL-C		TLV-C		PEL-C
Skin notation	Y	Skin notation	Y	Skin notation	Y	Skin notation	Y
Notes: See 29 CFR 1910.1000 Table Z-1.		Notes:		Notes:		Notes: See footnote [n]
Health factors: See NIH-NLM PubChem.		IDLH	1 mg/m³
Carcinogenic classifications: TLV-A4		Notes:
AIHA emergency response planning guidelines - ERPG-1/ERPG-2/ERPG-3:

Additional Resources and Literature References

NOAA: CAMEO Chemicals - Paraquat dichloride

NIOSH: Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards - Paraquat (Paraquat dichloride)

Literature References

ACGIH: Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values (TLVs) and Biological Exposure Indices (BEIs) - Paraquat [4685-14-7] as the cation. See annual publication for most recent information.
Hertzman, C., Wiens, M., Bowering, D., Snow, B. and Caine D.: Parkinson's disease: a case-control study of occupational and environmental risk factors. Am. J. Ind. Med. 17(3): 349-355, 1990.
McCormack, A.L., et al.: Environmental risk factors and Parkinson's disease: selective degeneration of nigral dopaminergic neurons caused by the herbicide paraquat. Neurobiol. Dis. 10(2): 119-127, 2002.
Pohanish, R.P. (editor): Paraquat. In, Sittig's Handbook of Toxic and Hazardous Chemicals and Carcinogens, Fourth Ed., Vol. 2. Norwich, NY: Noyes Publications, William Andrew Publishing, 2002, pp. 1784-1787.
Ranjbar, A., Pasalar, P., Sedighi, A. and Abdollahi, M.: Induction of oxidative stress in paraquat formulating workers. Toxicol. Lett. 131(3): 191-194, 2002.
Suntres, Z.E.: Role of antioxidants in paraquat toxicity. Toxicology 180(1): 65-77, 2002.

Last Updated Date : 01/07/2021

CYANOGEN†

Chemical Identification
CAS #	460-19-5
Formula	C₂N₂
Synonyms	carbon nitride; dicyan; dicyanogen; ethanedinitrile; oxalonitrile

Physical Properties
Physical description	Colorless gas with a pungent, almond-like odor.
Boiling point	-6°F	Molecular weight	52.0
Freezing point/melting point	-18°F	Vapor pressure	5.1 atm at 70°F
Flash point		Vapor density	1.82
Specific gravity	0.95 (liquid at -6°F)	Ionization potential	13.57 eV
Lower explosive limit (LEL)	6.6%	Upper explosive limit (UEL)	43%
NFPA health rating	4	NFPA fire rating	4
NFPA reactivity rating	1	NFPA special instruction
Vapor hazard ratio (VHR)
Historical exceedance percentage
Target organs

Monitoring Methods Used by OSHA
Analyte code (IMIS no.)	0800
Sampling group
Sampler/Sampling media	XAD-2 tube (120/60 mg) coated with 10% 2-(hydroxymethyl)piperidine [SKC 226-118]
Sampling time^*
Sampling volume (TWA)^*	12 L
Sampling flow rate (TWA)^*	0.2 L/min
Sampling volume (STEL/Peak/C)^*
Sampling flow rate (STEL/Peak/C)^*
Analytical method instruments	GC-NPD
Method reference	OSHA PV2104 (partially validated)
Notes
Special requirements

^* All sampling instructions above are recommended guidelines for OSHA Compliance Safety and Health Officers (CSHOs), please see the corresponding OSHA method reference for complete details.

Bulk/Wipe Method
Wipe Sampler/Sampling media
Bulk Method

On-Site Screening Techniques
Device
Model/Type
Sampling information (see manufacturer instructions)

**Exposure Limits**
OSHA PEL 8-hour TWA (ST) STEL (C) Ceiling Peak		NIOSH REL Up to 10-hour TWA (ST) STEL (C) Ceiling		ACGIH TLV© 8-hour TWA (ST) STEL (C) Ceiling		CAL/OSHA PEL 8-hour TWA (ST) STEL (C) Ceiling Peak
PEL-TWA	10 ppm (Construction and Maritime industries only)	REL-TWA	10 ppm (20 mg/m³)	TLV-TWA		PEL-TWA	10 ppm (20 mg/m³)
PEL-STEL		REL-STEL		TLV-STEL		PEL-STEL
PEL-C		REL-C		TLV-C	5 ppm [2015]	PEL-C
Skin notation	N	Skin notation	N	Skin notation	N	Skin notation	N
Notes: The OSHA PEL applies to Construction and Maritime Industries only. See 29 CFR 1926.55 Table 1 and 29 CFR 1915.1000 Table Z-Shipyards.		Notes:		Notes:		Notes:
Health factors: See NIH-NLM PubChem.		IDLH
Carcinogenic classifications: Not listed		Notes:
AIHA emergency response planning guidelines - ERPG-1/ERPG-2/ERPG-3:

Additional Resources and Literature References

NOAA: CAMEO Chemicals - Cyanogen

NIOSH: Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards - Cyanogen

Literature References

ACGIH: Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values (TLVs) and Biological Exposure Indices (BEIs) - Cyanogen. See annual publication for most recent information.
EPA Air Toxics Website: Cyanide Compounds. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Technology Transfer Network.
Albin, R.L.: Basal ganglia neurotoxins. Neurol. Clin. 18(3): 665-680, 2000.
Lewis, T.R., Anger, W.K. and Te Vault, R.K.: Toxicity and evaluation of sub-chronic exposures to cyanogen in monkeys and rats. J. Environ. Pathol. Toxicol. Oncol. 5(4-5):151-163, 1984.
Pohanish, R.P. (editor): Cyanogen. In, Sittig's Handbook of Toxic and Hazardous Chemicals and Carcinogens, Fourth Ed., Vol. 1. Norwich, NY: Noyes Publications, William Andrew Publishing, 2002, pp. 702-704.

Last Updated Date : 06/02/2022

CYANAMIDE

Chemical Identification
CAS #	420-04-2
Formula	NH₂CN
Synonyms	amidocyanogen; carbimide; carbodiimide; cyanogen nitride; hydrogen cyanamide

Physical Properties
Physical description	Crystalline solid.
Boiling point	500°F (decomposes)	Molecular weight	42.1
Freezing point/melting point	113°F	Vapor pressure
Flash point	286°F	Vapor density
Specific gravity	1.28	Ionization potential	10.65eV
Lower explosive limit (LEL)		Upper explosive limit (UEL)
NFPA health rating		NFPA fire rating
NFPA reactivity rating		NFPA special instruction
Vapor hazard ratio (VHR)
Historical exceedance percentage
Target organs

Monitoring Methods Used by OSHA
Analyte code (IMIS no.)
Sampling group
Sampler/Sampling media
Sampling time^*
Sampling volume (TWA)^*
Sampling flow rate (TWA)^*
Sampling volume (STEL/Peak/C)^*
Sampling flow rate (STEL/Peak/C)^*
Analytical method instruments
Method reference
Notes
Special requirements

^* All sampling instructions above are recommended guidelines for OSHA Compliance Safety and Health Officers (CSHOs), please see the corresponding OSHA method reference for complete details.

Bulk/Wipe Method
Wipe Sampler/Sampling media
Bulk Method

On-Site Screening Techniques
Device
Model/Type
Sampling information (see manufacturer instructions)

**Exposure Limits**
OSHA PEL 8-hour TWA (ST) STEL (C) Ceiling Peak		NIOSH REL Up to 10-hour TWA (ST) STEL (C) Ceiling		ACGIH TLV© 8-hour TWA (ST) STEL (C) Ceiling		CAL/OSHA PEL 8-hour TWA (ST) STEL (C) Ceiling Peak
PEL-TWA		REL-TWA	2 mg/m³	TLV-TWA	2 mg/m³ [1974]	PEL-TWA	2 mg/m³
PEL-STEL		REL-STEL		TLV-STEL		PEL-STEL
PEL-C		REL-C		TLV-C		PEL-C
Skin notation	NA	Skin notation	N	Skin notation	N	Skin notation	N
Notes: Not established		Notes:		Notes:		Notes:
Health factors: See NIH-NLM PubChem.		IDLH
Carcinogenic classifications: Not listed		Notes:
AIHA emergency response planning guidelines - ERPG-1/ERPG-2/ERPG-3:

Additional Resources and Literature References

NOAA: CAMEO Chemicals - Cyanamide

NIOSH: Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards - Cyanamide

Literature References

ACGIH: Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values (TLVs) and Biological Exposure Indices (BEIs) - Cyanamide. See annual publication for most recent information.

Last Updated Date : 12/22/2020

CROTONALDEHYDE†

Chemical Identification
CAS #	4170-30-3
Formula	C₄H₆O
Synonyms	2-butenal; crotonaldehyde, inhibited; β-methyl acrolein; propylene aldehyde

Physical Properties
Physical description	Colorless to straw-colored liquid with a suffocating odor.
Boiling point	219°F	Molecular weight	70.1
Freezing point/melting point	-101°F	Vapor pressure	19 mmHg
Flash point	55°F	Vapor density	2.41
Specific gravity	0.87	Ionization potential	9.73 eV
Lower explosive limit (LEL)	2.95%	Upper explosive limit (UEL)	15.5%
NFPA health rating	4	NFPA fire rating	3
NFPA reactivity rating	2	NFPA special instruction
Vapor hazard ratio (VHR)
Historical exceedance percentage
Target organs

Monitoring Methods Used by OSHA
Analyte code (IMIS no.)	0770
Sampling group
Sampler/Sampling media	2 GFFs (open-faced) in 1 cassette separated by a spacer. GFFs are coated with 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine (DNPH) and phosphoric acid. [SKC 225-9019]
Sampling time^*	60 min
Sampling volume (TWA)^*	6 L
Sampling flow rate (TWA)^*	0.1 L/min
Sampling volume (STEL/Peak/C)^*
Sampling flow rate (STEL/Peak/C)^*
Analytical method instruments	HPLC
Method reference	OSHA 81 (fully validated)
Notes	Collect the sample open-faced, protect samples from light and heat.
Special requirements

^* All sampling instructions above are recommended guidelines for OSHA Compliance Safety and Health Officers (CSHOs), please see the corresponding OSHA method reference for complete details.

Bulk/Wipe Method
Wipe Sampler/Sampling media
Bulk Method

On-Site Screening Techniques
Device
Model/Type
Sampling information (see manufacturer instructions)

**Exposure Limits**
OSHA PEL 8-hour TWA (ST) STEL (C) Ceiling Peak		NIOSH REL Up to 10-hour TWA (ST) STEL (C) Ceiling		ACGIH TLV© 8-hour TWA (ST) STEL (C) Ceiling		CAL/OSHA PEL 8-hour TWA (ST) STEL (C) Ceiling Peak
PEL-TWA	2 ppm (6 mg/m³)	REL-TWA	2 ppm (6 mg/m³)	TLV-TWA		PEL-TWA
PEL-STEL		REL-STEL		TLV-STEL		PEL-STEL
PEL-C		REL-C		TLV-C	0.3 ppm [1995]	PEL-C	0.3 ppm
Skin notation	N	Skin notation	N	Skin notation	Y	Skin notation	Y
Notes: See 29 CFR 1910.1000 Table Z-1.		Notes: See Appendix C, Supplementary Exposure Limits		Notes:		Notes:
Health factors: See NIH-NLM PubChem.		IDLH	50 ppm
Carcinogenic classifications: IARC-3, TLV-A3, EPA-C		Notes:
AIHA emergency response planning guidelines - ERPG-1/ERPG-2/ERPG-3: 0.2 ppm/5 ppm/15 ppm

Additional Resources and Literature References

NOAA: CAMEO Chemicals - Crotonaldehyde, stabilized

NIOSH: Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards - Crotonaldehyde

Literature References

ACGIH: Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values (TLVs) and Biological Exposure Indices (BEIs) - Crotonaldehyde. See annual publication for most recent information.
Ichihashi, K., Osawa, T., Toyokuni, S. and Uchida, K.: Endogenous formation of protein adducts with carcinogenic Aldehydes: implications for oxidative stress. J. Biol. Chem. 276(26): 23903-23913, 2001.
Pan, J. and Chung, F.L.: Formation of cyclic deoxyguanosine adducts from omega-3 and omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids under oxidative conditions. Chem. Res. Toxicol. 15(3): 367-372, 2002.
Pohanish, R.P. (editor): Crotonaldehyde. In, Sittig's Handbook of Toxic and Hazardous Chemicals and Carcinogens, Fourth Ed., Vol. 1. Norwich, NY: Noyes Publications, William Andrew Publishing, 2002, pp. 677-679.

Last Updated Date : 12/22/2020

ISOPHORONE DIISOCYANATE

Chemical Identification
CAS #	4098-71-9
Formula	C₁₂H₁₈N₂O₂
Synonyms	IPDI, isocyanic acid, methylene (3,5,5-trimethyl-3,1-cyclohexylene) ester, 3-isocyanatomethyl-3,5,5-trimethylcyclohexyl-isocyanate, isophorone diamine diisocyanate

Physical Properties
Physical description	Colorless to slightly yellow liquid with a pungent odor.
Boiling point		Molecular weight	222.3
Freezing point/melting point	-76°F	Vapor pressure	0.0003 mmHg
Flash point	311°F	Vapor density
Specific gravity	1.06	Ionization potential
Lower explosive limit (LEL)		Upper explosive limit (UEL)
NFPA health rating	2	NFPA fire rating	1
NFPA reactivity rating	1	NFPA special instruction	W: Reacts violently or explosively with water.
Vapor hazard ratio (VHR)
Historical exceedance percentage
Target organs

Monitoring Methods Used by OSHA
Analyte code (IMIS no.)	1539
Sampling group
Sampler/Sampling media	Isocyanate Sampling Filter Kit - GFF (37 mm, open-faced) coated with 1 mg 1-(2-pyridyl)piperazine [SLTC103]
Sampling time^*	15 min
Sampling volume (TWA)^*	15 L
Sampling flow rate (TWA)^*	1 L/min
Sampling volume (STEL/Peak/C)^*
Sampling flow rate (STEL/Peak/C)^*
Analytical method instruments	UHPLC
Method reference	OSHA 5002 (fully validated)
Notes	Refrigerate coated filters until used. Sample open-faced!!
Special requirements

^* All sampling instructions above are recommended guidelines for OSHA Compliance Safety and Health Officers (CSHOs), please see the corresponding OSHA method reference for complete details.

Bulk/Wipe Method
Wipe Sampler/Sampling media
Bulk Method

On-Site Screening Techniques
Device	Hazard Assessment Test Kit for Aliphatic Isocyanates
Model/Type	769-1003
Sampling information (see manufacturer instructions)	Isocyanate Surface and Dermal Sampling, Hazard Assessment Test Kit for Aliphatic Isocyanates

**Exposure Limits**
OSHA PEL 8-hour TWA (ST) STEL (C) Ceiling Peak		NIOSH REL Up to 10-hour TWA (ST) STEL (C) Ceiling		ACGIH TLV© 8-hour TWA (ST) STEL (C) Ceiling		CAL/OSHA PEL 8-hour TWA (ST) STEL (C) Ceiling Peak
PEL-TWA		REL-TWA	0.005 ppm (0.045 mg/m³)	TLV-TWA	0.005 ppm [1985]	PEL-TWA	0.005 ppm (0.045 mg/m³)
PEL-STEL		REL-STEL	0.02 ppm (0.180 mg/m³)	TLV-STEL		PEL-STEL	0.02 ppm
PEL-C		REL-C		TLV-C		PEL-C
Skin notation	N	Skin notation	Y	Skin notation	N	Skin notation	Y
Notes: Not established		Notes:		Notes:		Notes:
Health factors: See NIH-NLM PubChem.		IDLH
Carcinogenic classifications: Not listed		Notes:
AIHA emergency response planning guidelines - ERPG-1/ERPG-2/ERPG-3:

Additional Resources and Literature References

NOAA: CAMEO Chemicals - Isophorone diisocyanate

NIOSH: Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards - Isophorone diisocyanate

Literature References

ACGIH: Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values (TLVs) and Biological Exposure Indices (BEIs) - Isophorone diisocyanate. See annual publication for most recent information.
Pohanish, R.P. (editor): Isophorone Diisocyanate. In, Sittig's Handbook of Toxic and Hazardous Chemicals and Carcinogens, Fourth Ed., Vol. 2. Norwich, NY: Noyes Publications, William Andrew Publishing, 2002, pp. 1344-1346.
Tinnerberg, H., Skarping, G., Dalene, M. and Hagmar, L.: Test chamber exposure of humans to 1,6-hexamethylene diisocyanate and isophorone diisocyanate. Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health 67(6): 367-374, 1995.

Last Updated Date : 04/02/2025

SILICON CARBIDE†

Chemical Identification
CAS #	409-21-2
Formula	SiC
Synonyms	carbon silicide; carborundum; silicon monocarbide

Physical Properties
Physical description	Yellow to green to bluish-black, iridescent crystals.
Boiling point	sublimes	Molecular weight	40.1
Freezing point/melting point	4892°F (sublimes)	Vapor pressure	0 mmHg (approx)
Flash point		Vapor density
Specific gravity	3.23	Ionization potential	9.30 eV
Lower explosive limit (LEL)		Upper explosive limit (UEL)
NFPA health rating		NFPA fire rating
NFPA reactivity rating		NFPA special instruction
Vapor hazard ratio (VHR)
Historical exceedance percentage
Target organs

Monitoring Methods Used by OSHA
Analyte code (IMIS no.)	2236 (total); request using analyte code 9135	S123 (resp); request using analyte code 9130
Sampling group
Sampler/Sampling media	Tared low-ash 37 mm PVC filter, 5 microns [SLTC108]	Tared low-ash 37 mm PVC filter, 5 microns, preceded by 10 mm nylon Dorr-Oliver cyclone for respirable samples. [SLTC108]
Sampling time^*	240-480 min	240-480 min
Sampling volume (TWA)^*	960 L	816 L
Sampling flow rate (TWA)^*		1.7 L/min ±5%
Sampling volume (STEL/Peak/C)^*
Sampling flow rate (STEL/Peak/C)^*
Analytical method instruments	Gravimetric	Gravimetric
Method reference	OSHA PV2121 (partially validated)	OSHA PV2121 (partially validated)
Notes	If the net weight of the sample yields a concentration below the PEL after considering the associated SAE , the SLTC will perform no further work on the sample and the sample air concentration will be reported as the calculated gravimetric air concentration. If the net weight corresponds to an amount greater than the PEL value after considering the associated SAE, the sample may be analyzed for the applicable component and appropriate results will be reported.	If the filter is not overloaded, samples can be collected up to an 8-hour period. If the net weight of the sample yields a concentration below the PEL after considering the associated SAE , the SLTC will perform no further work on the sample and the sample air concentration will be reported as the calculated gravimetric air concentration. If the net weight corresponds to an amount greater than the PEL value after considering the associated SAE, the sample may be analyzed for the applicable component and appropriate results will be reported.
Special requirements	FOR TOTAL DUST SAMPLES, DO NOT USE A CYCLONE!!

^* All sampling instructions above are recommended guidelines for OSHA Compliance Safety and Health Officers (CSHOs), please see the corresponding OSHA method reference for complete details.

Bulk/Wipe Method
Wipe Sampler/Sampling media
Bulk Method

On-Site Screening Techniques
Device
Model/Type
Sampling information (see manufacturer instructions)

**Exposure Limits**
OSHA PEL 8-hour TWA (ST) STEL (C) Ceiling Peak		NIOSH REL Up to 10-hour TWA (ST) STEL (C) Ceiling		ACGIH TLV© 8-hour TWA (ST) STEL (C) Ceiling		CAL/OSHA PEL 8-hour TWA (ST) STEL (C) Ceiling Peak
PEL-TWA	15 mg/m³ (total dust), 5 mg/m³ (respirable fraction)	REL-TWA	10 mg/m³ (total dust), 5 mg/m³ (resp)	TLV-TWA	Nonfibrous: 10 mg/m³ (inhalable particulate matter), 3 mg/m³ (respirable particulate matter) *The values are for particulate matter containing no asbestos and <1% crystalline silica. Fibrous (including whiskers): 0.1 f/cc (respirable fibers), see footnote [F] in the TLV booklet. [2002]	PEL-TWA	10 mg/m³ (total dust), 5 mg/m³ (respirable fraction)
PEL-STEL		REL-STEL		TLV-STEL		PEL-STEL
PEL-C		REL-C		TLV-C		PEL-C
Skin notation	N	Skin notation	N	Skin notation	N	Skin notation	N
Notes: See 29 CFR 1910.1000 Table Z-1.		Notes:		Notes:		Notes: As Particulates not otherwise regulated, see footnote [n].
Health factors: See NIH-NLM PubChem.		IDLH
Carcinogenic classifications: TLV-A2 (fibrous, including whiskers)		Notes:
AIHA emergency response planning guidelines - ERPG-1/ERPG-2/ERPG-3:

Additional Resources and Literature References

NOAA: CAMEO Chemicals - Silicon carbide

NIOSH: Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards - Silicon carbide

Literature References

ACGIH: Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values (TLVs) and Biological Exposure Indices (BEIs) - Silicon carbide. See annual publication for most recent information.

Last Updated Date : 01/12/2021

ISOPROPYL GLYCIDYL ETHER (IGE)†

Chemical Identification
CAS #	4016-14-2
Formula	C₆H₁₂O₂
Synonyms	1,2-epoxy-3-isopropoxypropane; IGE; isopropoxymethyl oxirane; isopropyl epoxypropyl ether

Physical Properties
Physical description	Colorless liquid.
Boiling point	261°F	Molecular weight	116.18
Freezing point/melting point		Vapor pressure	9 mmHg at 77°F
Flash point	92°F	Vapor density
Specific gravity	0.92	Ionization potential
Lower explosive limit (LEL)		Upper explosive limit (UEL)
NFPA health rating		NFPA fire rating
NFPA reactivity rating		NFPA special instruction
Vapor hazard ratio (VHR)
Historical exceedance percentage
Target organs

Monitoring Methods Used by OSHA
Analyte code (IMIS no.)	1567
Sampling group
Sampler/Sampling media	CSC tube (100/50 mg) [SKC 226-01]
Sampling time^*
Sampling volume (TWA)^*	1-30 L
Sampling flow rate (TWA)^*	0.01-0.2 L/min
Sampling volume (STEL/Peak/C)^*
Sampling flow rate (STEL/Peak/C)^*
Analytical method instruments	GC-FID
Method reference	NIOSH 1620 (fully validated)
Notes
Special requirements

^* All sampling instructions above are recommended guidelines for OSHA Compliance Safety and Health Officers (CSHOs), please see the corresponding OSHA method reference for complete details.

Bulk/Wipe Method
Wipe Sampler/Sampling media
Bulk Method

On-Site Screening Techniques
Device
Model/Type
Sampling information (see manufacturer instructions)

**Exposure Limits**
OSHA PEL 8-hour TWA (ST) STEL (C) Ceiling Peak		NIOSH REL Up to 10-hour TWA (ST) STEL (C) Ceiling		ACGIH TLV© 8-hour TWA (ST) STEL (C) Ceiling		CAL/OSHA PEL 8-hour TWA (ST) STEL (C) Ceiling Peak
PEL-TWA	50 ppm (240 mg/m³)	REL-TWA		TLV-TWA	50 ppm [1979]	PEL-TWA	50 ppm (240 mg/m³)
PEL-STEL		REL-STEL		TLV-STEL	75 ppm [1979]	PEL-STEL	75 ppm (360 mg/m³)
PEL-C		REL-C	50 ppm (240 mg/m³) [15 minutes]	TLV-C		PEL-C
Skin notation	N	Skin notation	N	Skin notation	N	Skin notation	N
Notes: See 29 CFR 1910.1000 Table Z-1.		Notes:		Notes:		Notes:
Health factors: See NIH-NLM PubChem.		IDLH	400 ppm
Carcinogenic classifications: Not listed		Notes:
AIHA emergency response planning guidelines - ERPG-1/ERPG-2/ERPG-3:

Additional Resources and Literature References

NOAA: CAMEO Chemicals - Isopropyl glycidyl ether

NIOSH: Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards - Isopropyl glycidyl ether

Literature References

ACGIH: Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values (TLVs) and Biological Exposure Indices (BEIs) - Isopropyl acetate. See annual publication for most recent information.

Last Updated Date : 01/28/2021

BENZO[A]PYRENE†

Chemical Identification

Physical Properties

Monitoring Methods Used by OSHA

Bulk/Wipe Method

On-Site Screening Techniques

Exposure Limits

Additional Resources and Literature References

FORMALIN (as FORMALDEHYDE)‡

Chemical Identification

Physical Properties

Monitoring Methods Used by OSHA

Bulk/Wipe Method

On-Site Screening Techniques

Exposure Limits

Additional Resources and Literature References

FORMALDEHYDE‡

Chemical Identification

Physical Properties

Monitoring Methods Used by OSHA

Bulk/Wipe Method

On-Site Screening Techniques

Exposure Limits

Additional Resources and Literature References

PARAQUAT (PARAQUAT DICHLORIDE)†

Chemical Identification

Physical Properties

Monitoring Methods Used by OSHA

Bulk/Wipe Method

On-Site Screening Techniques

Exposure Limits

Additional Resources and Literature References

CYANOGEN†

Chemical Identification

Physical Properties

Monitoring Methods Used by OSHA

Bulk/Wipe Method

On-Site Screening Techniques

Exposure Limits

Additional Resources and Literature References

CYANAMIDE

Chemical Identification

Physical Properties

Monitoring Methods Used by OSHA

Bulk/Wipe Method

On-Site Screening Techniques

Exposure Limits

Additional Resources and Literature References

CROTONALDEHYDE†

Chemical Identification

Physical Properties

Monitoring Methods Used by OSHA

Bulk/Wipe Method

On-Site Screening Techniques

Exposure Limits

Additional Resources and Literature References

ISOPHORONE DIISOCYANATE

Chemical Identification

Physical Properties

Monitoring Methods Used by OSHA

Bulk/Wipe Method

On-Site Screening Techniques

Exposure Limits

Additional Resources and Literature References

SILICON CARBIDE†

Chemical Identification

Physical Properties

Monitoring Methods Used by OSHA

Bulk/Wipe Method

On-Site Screening Techniques

Exposure Limits

Additional Resources and Literature References

ISOPROPYL GLYCIDYL ETHER (IGE)†

Chemical Identification

Physical Properties

Monitoring Methods Used by OSHA

Bulk/Wipe Method

On-Site Screening Techniques

Exposure Limits

Additional Resources and Literature References