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2,4,5-TRICHLOROPHENOXYACETIC ACID (2,4,5-T)†

Chemical Identification
CAS #	93-76-5
Formula	C₈H₅Cl₃O₃
Synonyms	2,4,5-T

Physical Properties
Physical description	Colorless to tan, odorless, crystalline solid.
Boiling point	decomposes	Molecular weight	255.5
Freezing point/melting point	316°F	Vapor pressure	1x10-7 mmHg
Flash point		Vapor density
Specific gravity	1.8	Ionization potential
Lower explosive limit (LEL)		Upper explosive limit (UEL)
NFPA health rating		NFPA fire rating
NFPA reactivity rating		NFPA special instruction
Vapor hazard ratio (VHR)
Historical exceedance percentage
Target organs

Monitoring Methods Used by OSHA
Analyte code (IMIS no.)	2324
Sampling group
Sampler/Sampling media	GFF (37 mm), Type A/E [AP4003705]
Sampling time^*
Sampling volume (TWA)^*	15 L-200 L
Sampling flow rate (TWA)^*	1-3 L/min
Sampling volume (STEL/Peak/C)^*
Sampling flow rate (STEL/Peak/C)^*
Analytical method instruments	HPLC
Method reference	NIOSH 5001 (OSHA modified)
Notes
Special requirements

^* All sampling instructions above are recommended guidelines for OSHA Compliance Safety and Health Officers (CSHOs), please see the corresponding OSHA method reference for complete details.

Bulk/Wipe Method
Wipe Sampler/Sampling media
Bulk Method

On-Site Screening Techniques
Device
Model/Type
Sampling information (see manufacturer instructions)

**Exposure Limits**
OSHA PEL 8-hour TWA (ST) STEL (C) Ceiling Peak		NIOSH REL Up to 10-hour TWA (ST) STEL (C) Ceiling		ACGIH TLV© 8-hour TWA (ST) STEL (C) Ceiling		CAL/OSHA PEL 8-hour TWA (ST) STEL (C) Ceiling Peak
PEL-TWA	10 mg/m³	REL-TWA	10 mg/m³	TLV-TWA	10 mg/m³ [1992]	PEL-TWA	10 mg/m³
PEL-STEL		REL-STEL		TLV-STEL		PEL-STEL
PEL-C		REL-C		TLV-C		PEL-C
Skin notation	N	Skin notation	N	Skin notation	N	Skin notation	N
Notes: See 29 CFR 1910.1000 Table Z-1.		Notes:		Notes:		Notes:
Health factors: See NIH-NLM PubChem.		IDLH
Carcinogenic classifications: IARC-2B, TLV-A4		Notes:
AIHA emergency response planning guidelines - ERPG-1/ERPG-2/ERPG-3:

Additional Resources and Literature References

NOAA: CAMEO Chemicals - 2,4,5-Trichlorophenoxyacetic acid

NIOSH: Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards - 2,4,5-T

Literature References

ACGIH: Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values (TLVs) and Biological Exposure Indices (BEIs) - 2,4,5-T. See annual publication for most recent information.

Last Updated Date : 01/29/2021

4-NITRODIPHENYL (4-NITROBIPHENYL)‡

Chemical Identification
CAS #	92-93-3
Formula	C₁₂H₉NO₂
Synonyms	p-nitrobiphenyl; p-nitrodiphenyl; p-phenylnitrobenzene; 4-phenylnitrobenzene; PNB

Physical Properties
Physical description	White to yellow, needle-like, crystalline solid with a sweetish odor.
Boiling point	644°F	Molecular weight	199.2
Freezing point/melting point	237°F	Vapor pressure
Flash point	290°F	Vapor density
Specific gravity		Ionization potential
Lower explosive limit (LEL)		Upper explosive limit (UEL)
NFPA health rating		NFPA fire rating
NFPA reactivity rating		NFPA special instruction
Vapor hazard ratio (VHR)
Historical exceedance percentage
Target organs

Monitoring Methods Used by OSHA
Analyte code (IMIS no.)	1875
Sampling group
Sampler/Sampling media	OSHA versatile sampler (OVS-2) - 13 mm XAD-2 tube (270/140 mg) with GFF enclosed [SKC 226-30-16]
Sampling time^*
Sampling volume (TWA)^*	240 L
Sampling flow rate (TWA)^*	1.0 L/min
Sampling volume (STEL/Peak/C)^*
Sampling flow rate (STEL/Peak/C)^*
Analytical method instruments	HPLC-UV
Method reference	OSHA PV2082 (partially validated)
Notes
Special requirements

^* All sampling instructions above are recommended guidelines for OSHA Compliance Safety and Health Officers (CSHOs), please see the corresponding OSHA method reference for complete details.

Bulk/Wipe Method
Wipe Sampler/Sampling media	Wipe with GFF (37 mm), Type A/E [AP4003705]
Bulk Method	Limit the amount of bulk submitted to 1 g or 1 mL.

On-Site Screening Techniques
Device
Model/Type
Sampling information (see manufacturer instructions)

**Exposure Limits**
OSHA PEL 8-hour TWA (ST) STEL (C) Ceiling Peak		NIOSH REL Up to 10-hour TWA (ST) STEL (C) Ceiling		ACGIH TLV© 8-hour TWA (ST) STEL (C) Ceiling		CAL/OSHA PEL 8-hour TWA (ST) STEL (C) Ceiling Peak
PEL-TWA	Ca	REL-TWA		TLV-TWA	Exposure by all routes should be carefully controlled to levels as low as possible. [1992]	PEL-TWA
PEL-STEL		REL-STEL		TLV-STEL		PEL-STEL
PEL-C		REL-C		TLV-C		PEL-C
Skin notation	N	Skin notation	N	Skin notation	Y	Skin notation	N
Notes: See 29 CFR 1910.1003, 13 Carcinogens.		Notes: CARCINOGEN (Ca): REDUCE EXPOSURE TO LOWEST FEASIBLE CONCENTRATION. See Appendix A, NIOSH Potential Occupational Carcinogens.		Notes:		Notes: See California Code of Regulations, Title 8, Section 5209. Carcinogens.
Health factors: See NIH-NLM PubChem.		IDLH
Carcinogenic classifications: IARC-3, NIOSH-Ca, OSHA-Ca, TLV-A2		Notes: Ca
AIHA emergency response planning guidelines - ERPG-1/ERPG-2/ERPG-3:

Additional Resources and Literature References

NOAA: CAMEO Chemicals - 4-Nitrobiphenyl

NIOSH: Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards - 4-Nitrobiphenyl

Literature References

ACGIH: Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values (TLVs) and Biological Exposure Indices (BEIs) - 4-Nitrodiphenyl. See annual publication for most recent information.

Last Updated Date : 12/15/2020

PHENOTHIAZINE

Chemical Identification
CAS #	92-84-2
Formula	C₁₂H₉NS
Synonyms	dibenzothiazine; fenothiazine; thiodiphenylamine

Physical Properties
Physical description	Grayish-green to greenish-yellow solid.
Boiling point	700°F	Molecular weight	199.28
Freezing point/melting point	365°F	Vapor pressure	0 mmHg (approx)
Flash point		Vapor density
Specific gravity		Ionization potential
Lower explosive limit (LEL)		Upper explosive limit (UEL)
NFPA health rating		NFPA fire rating
NFPA reactivity rating		NFPA special instruction
Vapor hazard ratio (VHR)
Historical exceedance percentage
Target organs

Monitoring Methods Used by OSHA
Analyte code (IMIS no.)	2041
Sampling group
Sampler/Sampling media	GFF (37 mm), Type A/E [AP4003705]
Sampling time^*
Sampling volume (TWA)^*	100 L
Sampling flow rate (TWA)^*	1 L/min
Sampling volume (STEL/Peak/C)^*
Sampling flow rate (STEL/Peak/C)^*
Analytical method instruments	GC-NPD
Method reference	OSHA PV2048 (partially validated)
Notes	Protect samples from sunlight.
Special requirements

^* All sampling instructions above are recommended guidelines for OSHA Compliance Safety and Health Officers (CSHOs), please see the corresponding OSHA method reference for complete details.

Bulk/Wipe Method
Wipe Sampler/Sampling media
Bulk Method

On-Site Screening Techniques
Device
Model/Type
Sampling information (see manufacturer instructions)

**Exposure Limits**
OSHA PEL 8-hour TWA (ST) STEL (C) Ceiling Peak		NIOSH REL Up to 10-hour TWA (ST) STEL (C) Ceiling		ACGIH TLV© 8-hour TWA (ST) STEL (C) Ceiling		CAL/OSHA PEL 8-hour TWA (ST) STEL (C) Ceiling Peak
PEL-TWA		REL-TWA	5 mg/m³	TLV-TWA	5 mg/m³ [1968]	PEL-TWA	5 mg/m³
PEL-STEL		REL-STEL		TLV-STEL		PEL-STEL
PEL-C		REL-C		TLV-C		PEL-C
Skin notation	NA	Skin notation	Y	Skin notation	Y	Skin notation	Y
Notes: Not established		Notes:		Notes:		Notes:
Health factors: See NIH-NLM PubChem.		IDLH
Carcinogenic classifications:		Notes:
AIHA emergency response planning guidelines - ERPG-1/ERPG-2/ERPG-3:

Additional Resources and Literature References

NOAA: CAMEO Chemicals - Phenothiazine

NIOSH: Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards - Phenothiazine

Literature References

ACGIH: Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values (TLVs) and Biological Exposure Indices (BEIs) - Phenothiazine. See annual publication for most recent information.
Jacobs, R.D., Hogsette, J.A. and Butcher, G.D.: Nematode parasites of poultry (and where to find them). Document No. PS18, Animal Science Department, Florida Cooperative Extension Services, University of Florida, Gainesville, 5 pp., 1997.
Mitchell, S.C.: The toxicity of phenothiazine. Drug Metabol. Drug Interact. 11(3): 201-235, 1994.
Mitchell, S.C., Kestell, P., Steventon, G.B. and Waring, R.H.: Fate of the anthelmintic, phenothiazine, in man. Xenobiotica 32(9): 771-782, 2002.
Pohanish, R.P. (editor): Phenothiazine. In, Sittig's Handbook of Toxic and Hazardous Chemicals and Carcinogens, Fourth Ed., Vol. 2. Norwich, NY: Noyes Publications, William Andrew Publishing, 2002, pp. 1824-1826.

Last Updated Date : 01/08/2021

4-AMINODIPHENYL‡

Chemical Identification
CAS #	92-67-1
Formula	C₁₂H₁₁N
Synonyms	4-aminobiphenyl; p-aminobiphenyl; p-aminodiphenyl; 4-phenylaniline

Physical Properties
Physical description	Colorless crystals with a floral odor.
Boiling point	576°F	Molecular weight	169.2
Freezing point/melting point	127°F	Vapor pressure	1 mmHg at 227°F
Flash point	>235°F	Vapor density
Specific gravity	1.16	Ionization potential
Lower explosive limit (LEL)		Upper explosive limit (UEL)
NFPA health rating		NFPA fire rating
NFPA reactivity rating		NFPA special instruction
Vapor hazard ratio (VHR)
Historical exceedance percentage
Target organs

Monitoring Methods Used by OSHA
Analyte code (IMIS no.)	0162
Sampling group
Sampler/Sampling media	2 GFFs (37 mm) coated with sulfuric acid, in 3-piece cassette, separated by the ring section [SKC 225-9004]
Sampling time^*
Sampling volume (TWA)^*	100 L
Sampling flow rate (TWA)^*	0.1 L/min
Sampling volume (STEL/Peak/C)^*
Sampling flow rate (STEL/Peak/C)^*
Analytical method instruments	GC-ECD
Method reference	OSHA 93 (fully validated)
Notes	Within 10 hours after sampling, transfer filter to glass vial containing 2 mL deionized water.
Special requirements

^* All sampling instructions above are recommended guidelines for OSHA Compliance Safety and Health Officers (CSHOs), please see the corresponding OSHA method reference for complete details.

Bulk/Wipe Method
Wipe Sampler/Sampling media	Wipe with GFF (37 mm), Type A/E [AP4003705]
Bulk Method	Limit the amount of bulk submitted to 1 g or 1 mL.

On-Site Screening Techniques
Device
Model/Type
Sampling information (see manufacturer instructions)

**Exposure Limits**
OSHA PEL 8-hour TWA (ST) STEL (C) Ceiling Peak		NIOSH REL Up to 10-hour TWA (ST) STEL (C) Ceiling		ACGIH TLV© 8-hour TWA (ST) STEL (C) Ceiling		CAL/OSHA PEL 8-hour TWA (ST) STEL (C) Ceiling Peak
PEL-TWA	Ca	REL-TWA		TLV-TWA		PEL-TWA
PEL-STEL		REL-STEL		TLV-STEL		PEL-STEL
PEL-C		REL-C		TLV-C		PEL-C
Skin notation	N	Skin notation	N	Skin notation	Y	Skin notation	Y
Notes: See 29 CFR 1910.1003, 13 Carcinogens.		Notes: CARCINOGEN (Ca): REDUCE EXPOSURE TO LOWEST FEASIBLE CONCENTRATION. See Appendix A, NIOSH Potential Occupational Carcinogens.		Notes: Visit the ACGIH TLV site for specific data		Notes: See California Code of Regulations, Title 8, Section 5209. Carcinogens.
Health factors: See NIH-NLM PubChem.		IDLH
Carcinogenic classifications: IARC-1, NIOSH-Ca, OSHA-Ca, TLV-A1, NTP-K		Notes: Ca
AIHA emergency response planning guidelines - ERPG-1/ERPG-2/ERPG-3:

Additional Resources and Literature References

NOAA: CAMEO Chemicals - 4-Aminobiphenyl

NIOSH: Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards - 4-Aminobiphenyl

Literature References

ACGIH: Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values (TLVs) and Biological Exposure Indices (BEIs) - 4-Aminodiphenyl. See annual publication for most recent information.

Last Updated Date : 03/28/2024

DIPHENYL (BIPHENYL)‡

Chemical Identification
CAS #	92-52-4
Formula	C₁₂H₁₀
Synonyms	biphenyl; phenylbenzene; lemonene; xenene; 1,1-biphenyl; bibenzene

Physical Properties
Physical description	Colorless to pale-yellow solid with a pleasant, characteristic odor.
Boiling point	489°F	Molecular weight	154.2
Freezing point/melting point	156°F	Vapor pressure	0.005 mmHg
Flash point	235°F	Vapor density	5.31
Specific gravity	1.04	Ionization potential	7.95 eV
Lower explosive limit (LEL)	0.6% at 232°F	Upper explosive limit (UEL)	5.8% at 331°F
NFPA health rating	1	NFPA fire rating	1
NFPA reactivity rating	0	NFPA special instruction
Vapor hazard ratio (VHR)
Historical exceedance percentage
Target organs

Monitoring Methods Used by OSHA
Analyte code (IMIS no.)	1011
Sampling group
Sampler/Sampling media	XAD-7 tube (100/50 mg) [SKC 226-95]
Sampling time^*	100 min
Sampling volume (TWA)^*	20 L
Sampling flow rate (TWA)^*	0.2 L/min
Sampling volume (STEL/Peak/C)^*
Sampling flow rate (STEL/Peak/C)^*
Analytical method instruments	GC-FID
Method reference	OSHA PV2022 (partially validated)
Notes
Special requirements

^* All sampling instructions above are recommended guidelines for OSHA Compliance Safety and Health Officers (CSHOs), please see the corresponding OSHA method reference for complete details.

Bulk/Wipe Method
Wipe Sampler/Sampling media
Bulk Method

On-Site Screening Techniques
Device
Model/Type
Sampling information (see manufacturer instructions)

**Exposure Limits**
OSHA PEL 8-hour TWA (ST) STEL (C) Ceiling Peak		NIOSH REL Up to 10-hour TWA (ST) STEL (C) Ceiling		ACGIH TLV© 8-hour TWA (ST) STEL (C) Ceiling		CAL/OSHA PEL 8-hour TWA (ST) STEL (C) Ceiling Peak
PEL-TWA	0.2 ppm (1 mg/m³)	REL-TWA	0.2 ppm (1 mg/m³)	TLV-TWA		PEL-TWA	0.2 ppm (1.5 mg/m³)
PEL-STEL		REL-STEL		TLV-STEL		PEL-STEL
PEL-C		REL-C		TLV-C		PEL-C
Skin notation	N	Skin notation	N	Skin notation	N	Skin notation	N
Notes: See 29 CFR 1910.1003, 13 Carcinogens.		Notes:		Notes: Visit the ACGIH TLV site for specific data		Notes:
Health factors: See NIH-NLM PubChem.		IDLH	100 mg/m³
Carcinogenic classifications: EPA-D		Notes:
AIHA emergency response planning guidelines - ERPG-1/ERPG-2/ERPG-3:

Additional Resources and Literature References

NOAA: CAMEO Chemicals - Biphenyl

NIOSH: Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards - Diphenyl

Literature References

ACGIH: Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values (TLVs) and Biological Exposure Indices (BEIs) - Biphenyl. See annual publication for most recent information.
U.S. EPA Integrated Risk Information System: 1,1-Biphenyl (CASRN 92-52-4).
Häkkinen, I., Siltanen, E., Hernberg, S., Seppäläinen, A.M., Karli, P. and Vikkula, E.: Diphenyl poisoning in fruit paper production: a new health hazard. Arch. Environ. Health 26(2): 70-74, 1973.
Halpaap, K., Horning, M.G. and Horning, E.C.: Metabolism of biphenyl in the rat. J. Chromatogr. 166(2): 479-490, 1978.
Meyer, T. and Scheline, R.R.: The metabolism of biphenyl. II. Phenolic metabolites in the rat. Acta Pharmacol. Toxicol. (Copenh.) 39(4): 419-432, 1976.
Pohanish, R.P. (editor): Biphenyl. In, Sittig's Handbook of Toxic and Hazardous Chemicals and Carcinogens, Fourth Ed., Vol. 1. Norwich, NY: Noyes Publications, William Andrew Publishing, 2002, pp. 341-342.
Tanaka, A., Morimoto, K. and Yamaha, T.: Small scale synthesis of labeled diphenyl and its binding to mouse liver microsomes. Radioisotopes 42: 564-568, 1993.
Wastensson, G., Hagberg, S., Andersson, E, Johnels, B. and Barregård, L.: Parkinson's disease in diphenyl-exposed workers-a causal association? Parkinsonism Relat. Disord. 12(1): 29-34, 2006.

Last Updated Date : 04/03/2024

3,3'-DICHLOROBENZIDINE (and its salts)‡

Chemical Identification
CAS #	91-94-1
Formula	C₁₂H₁₀Cl₂N₂
Synonyms	4,4'-diamino-3,3'-dichlorobiphenyl; dichlorobenzidine base; o,o'-Dichlorobenzidine; 3,3'-dichlorobiphenyl-4,4'-diamine; 3,3'-Dichloro-4,4'-biphenyldiamine; 3,3'-dichloro-4,4'-diaminobiphenyl

Physical Properties
Physical description	Gray to purple, crystalline solid.
Boiling point	788°F	Molecular weight	253.13
Freezing point/melting point	270-271°F	Vapor pressure
Flash point		Vapor density
Specific gravity		Ionization potential
Lower explosive limit (LEL)		Upper explosive limit (UEL)
NFPA health rating		NFPA fire rating
NFPA reactivity rating		NFPA special instruction
Vapor hazard ratio (VHR)
Historical exceedance percentage
Target organs

Monitoring Methods Used by OSHA
Analyte code (IMIS no.)	0869
Sampling group
Sampler/Sampling media	2 GFFs (37 mm) coated with sulfuric acid, in 3-piece cassette, separated by the ring section [SKC 225-9004]
Sampling time^*	100 min
Sampling volume (TWA)^*	100 L
Sampling flow rate (TWA)^*	1 L/min
Sampling volume (STEL/Peak/C)^*	15 L
Sampling flow rate (STEL/Peak/C)^*	1 L/min
Analytical method instruments	GC-ECD
Method reference	OSHA 65 (fully validated)
Notes	Within 10 hours after sampling, transfer filter to glass vial containing 2 mL deionized water. Sample must be shipped and stored at 0°C or colder. Analyze as soon as possible. Filters may be obtained by OSHA personnel from SLTC.
Special requirements

^* All sampling instructions above are recommended guidelines for OSHA Compliance Safety and Health Officers (CSHOs), please see the corresponding OSHA method reference for complete details.

Bulk/Wipe Method
Wipe Sampler/Sampling media	Wipe with GFF (37 mm), Type A/E [AP4003705]
Bulk Method	Limit the amount of bulk submitted to 1 g or 1 mL.

On-Site Screening Techniques
Device
Model/Type
Sampling information (see manufacturer instructions)

**Exposure Limits**
OSHA PEL 8-hour TWA (ST) STEL (C) Ceiling Peak		NIOSH REL Up to 10-hour TWA (ST) STEL (C) Ceiling		ACGIH TLV© 8-hour TWA (ST) STEL (C) Ceiling		CAL/OSHA PEL 8-hour TWA (ST) STEL (C) Ceiling Peak
PEL-TWA	Ca	REL-TWA		TLV-TWA		PEL-TWA
PEL-STEL		REL-STEL		TLV-STEL		PEL-STEL
PEL-C		REL-C		TLV-C		PEL-C
Skin notation	N	Skin notation	N	Skin notation	Y	Skin notation	Y
Notes: See 29 CFR 1910.1003, 13 Carcinogens.		Notes: CARCINOGEN (Ca): REDUCE EXPOSURE TO LOWEST FEASIBLE CONCENTRATION. See Appendix A, NIOSH Potential Occupational Carcinogens.		Notes: Exposure by all routes should be carefully controlled to levels as low as possible. [1990]		Notes: See California Code of Regulations, Title 8, Section 5209. Carcinogens.
Health factors: See NIH-NLM PubChem.		IDLH
Carcinogenic classifications: IARC-2B, NIOSH-Ca, NTP-R, OSHA-Ca, TLV-A3, EPA-B2		Notes: Ca
AIHA emergency response planning guidelines - ERPG-1/ERPG-2/ERPG-3:

Additional Resources and Literature References

NOAA: CAMEO Chemicals - 3,3'-Dichlorobenzidine

NIOSH: Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards - 3,3'-Dichlorobenzidine (and its salts)

Literature References

ACGIH: Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values (TLVs) and Biological Exposure Indices (BEIs) - 3,3'-Dichlorobenzidine. See annual publication for most recent information.
EPA Air Toxics Website: 3,3'-Dichlorobenzidine. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Technology Transfer Network.
No Author: 3,3'-Dichlorobenzidine and Its Dihydrochloride CAS Nos. 91-94-1 and 612-83-9. Report on Carcinogens (latest edition); U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Program.
Iba, M.M., Lang, B., Thomas, P.E. and Ghosal, A.: Covalent interaction of 3,3'-dichlorobenzidine with hepatic lipids. Enzymatic basis and stability of the adducts. Biochem. Pharmacol. 40(3): 581-587, 1990.
Imaoka, S., Yoneda, Y., Matsuda, T., Degawa, M., Fukushima, S. and Funae, Y.: Mutagenic activation of urinary bladder carcinogens by CYP4B1 and the presence of CYP4B1 in bladder mucosa. Biochem. Pharmacol. 54(6): 677-683, 1997.
Joppich-Kuhn, R., Hänggi, R., Sagelsdorff, P., Smith, A.E., Weideli, H.J. and Joppich, M.: Determination of dichlorobendidine-hemoglobin adducts by GC/MS-NCI. Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health 69(4): 240-246, 1997.
Pohanish, R.P. (editor): 3,3'-Dichlorobenzidine (and its Salts). In, Sittig's Handbook of Toxic and Hazardous Chemicals and Carcinogens, Fourth Ed., Vol. 1. Norwich, NY: Noyes Publications, William Andrew Publishing, 2002, pp. 804-806.
Shaw, P.V. and Guthrie, F.E.: Dermal absorption of benzidine derivatives in rats. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 31(1): 73-78, 1983.

Last Updated Date : 12/15/2020

β-NAPHTHYLAMINE‡

Chemical Identification
CAS #	91-59-8
Formula	C₁₀H₉N
Synonyms	2-aminonaphthalene; 2-naphthylamine

Physical Properties
Physical description	Odorless, white to red crystals with a faint, aromatic odor.
Boiling point	583°F	Molecular weight	143.2
Freezing point/melting point	232°F	Vapor pressure	1 mmHg at 226°F
Flash point	315°F	Vapor density
Specific gravity	1.06 at 208°F	Ionization potential	9.71 eV
Lower explosive limit (LEL)		Upper explosive limit (UEL)
NFPA health rating		NFPA fire rating
NFPA reactivity rating		NFPA special instruction
Vapor hazard ratio (VHR)
Historical exceedance percentage
Target organs

Monitoring Methods Used by OSHA
Analyte code (IMIS no.)	1815
Sampling group
Sampler/Sampling media	2 GFFs (37 mm) coated with sulfuric acid, in 3-piece cassette, separated by the ring section [SKC 225-9004]
Sampling time^*
Sampling volume (TWA)^*	100 L
Sampling flow rate (TWA)^*	0.1 L/min
Sampling volume (STEL/Peak/C)^*
Sampling flow rate (STEL/Peak/C)^*
Analytical method instruments	GC-ECD
Method reference	OSHA 93 (fully validated)
Notes	Within 10 hours after sampling, transfer filter to glass vial containing 2 mL deionized water.
Special requirements

^* All sampling instructions above are recommended guidelines for OSHA Compliance Safety and Health Officers (CSHOs), please see the corresponding OSHA method reference for complete details.

Bulk/Wipe Method
Wipe Sampler/Sampling media
Bulk Method

On-Site Screening Techniques
Device
Model/Type
Sampling information (see manufacturer instructions)

**Exposure Limits**
OSHA PEL 8-hour TWA (ST) STEL (C) Ceiling Peak		NIOSH REL Up to 10-hour TWA (ST) STEL (C) Ceiling		ACGIH TLV© 8-hour TWA (ST) STEL (C) Ceiling		CAL/OSHA PEL 8-hour TWA (ST) STEL (C) Ceiling Peak
PEL-TWA	Ca	REL-TWA		TLV-TWA	Exposure by all routes should be carefully controlled to levels as low as possible. [1979]	PEL-TWA
PEL-STEL		REL-STEL		TLV-STEL		PEL-STEL
PEL-C		REL-C		TLV-C		PEL-C
Skin notation	N	Skin notation	N	Skin notation	N	Skin notation	N
Notes: See 29 CFR 1910.1003, 13 Carcinogens.		Notes: CARCINOGEN (Ca): REDUCE EXPOSURE TO LOWEST FEASIBLE CONCENTRATION. See Appendix A, NIOSH Potential Occupational Carcinogens.		Notes:		Notes: See California Code of Regulations, Title 8, Section 5209. Carcinogens.
Health factors: See NIH-NLM PubChem.		IDLH
Carcinogenic classifications: IARC-1, NIOSH-Ca, NTP-K, OSHA-Ca, TLV-A1		Notes: Ca
AIHA emergency response planning guidelines - ERPG-1/ERPG-2/ERPG-3:

Additional Resources and Literature References

NOAA: CAMEO Chemicals - β-Naphthylamine

NIOSH: Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards - β-Naphthylamine

Literature References

ACGIH: Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values (TLVs) and Biological Exposure Indices (BEIs) - β-Naphthylamine. See annual publication for most recent information.

Last Updated Date : 01/14/2021

NAPHTHALENE†

Chemical Identification
CAS #	91-20-3
Formula	C₁₀H₈
Synonyms	diesel exhaust component; white tar; naphthalin; tar camphor

Physical Properties
Physical description	A white crystalline volatile solid with a strong coal-tar odor.
Boiling point	424°F	Molecular weight	128.2
Freezing point/melting point	176°F	Vapor pressure	0.08 mmHg
Flash point	174°F	Vapor density	4.42
Specific gravity	1.15	Ionization potential	8.12 eV
Lower explosive limit (LEL)	0.9%	Upper explosive limit (UEL)	5.9%
NFPA health rating	2	NFPA fire rating	2
NFPA reactivity rating	0	NFPA special instruction
Vapor hazard ratio (VHR)
Historical exceedance percentage
Target organs

Monitoring Methods Used by OSHA
Analyte code (IMIS no.)	1810
Sampling group
Sampler/Sampling media	Chromosorb® 106 (100/50 mg) [SKC 226-110]
Sampling time^*	50 min
Sampling volume (TWA)^*	10 L
Sampling flow rate (TWA)^*	0.2 L/min
Sampling volume (STEL/Peak/C)^*
Sampling flow rate (STEL/Peak/C)^*
Analytical method instruments	GC-FID
Method reference	OSHA 35 (fully validated)
Notes	Submit as a separate sample.
Special requirements

^* All sampling instructions above are recommended guidelines for OSHA Compliance Safety and Health Officers (CSHOs), please see the corresponding OSHA method reference for complete details.

Bulk/Wipe Method
Wipe Sampler/Sampling media
Bulk Method

On-Site Screening Techniques
Device
Model/Type
Sampling information (see manufacturer instructions)

**Exposure Limits**
OSHA PEL 8-hour TWA (ST) STEL (C) Ceiling Peak		NIOSH REL Up to 10-hour TWA (ST) STEL (C) Ceiling		ACGIH TLV© 8-hour TWA (ST) STEL (C) Ceiling		CAL/OSHA PEL 8-hour TWA (ST) STEL (C) Ceiling Peak
PEL-TWA	10 ppm (50 mg/m³)	REL-TWA	10 ppm (50 mg/m³)	TLV-TWA	10 ppm (52 mg/m³) [2013]	PEL-TWA	0.1 ppm (0.5 mg/m³)
PEL-STEL		REL-STEL	15 ppm (75 mg/m³)	TLV-STEL		PEL-STEL
PEL-C		REL-C		TLV-C		PEL-C
Skin notation	N	Skin notation	N	Skin notation	Y	Skin notation	Y
Notes: See 29 CFR 1910.1000 Table Z-1.		Notes:		Notes:		Notes:
Health factors: See NIH-NLM PubChem.		IDLH	250 ppm
Carcinogenic classifications: TLV-A4, EPA-CBD;C, IARC-2B, NTP-R		Notes:
AIHA emergency response planning guidelines - ERPG-1/ERPG-2/ERPG-3:

Additional Resources and Literature References

NOAA: CAMEO Chemicals - Naphthalene

NIOSH: Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards - Naphthalene

Literature References

ACGIH: Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values (TLVs) and Biological Exposure Indices (BEIs) - Naphthalene. See annual publication for most recent information.
EPA: Hazard Summary - Naphthalene.
ACGIH: Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values (TLVs) and Biological Exposure Indices (BEIs) - Naphthalene. See annual publication for most recent information.
ATSDR: Toxicological Profile for Naphthalene, 1-Methylnaphthalene and 2-Methylnaphthalene. 2005.
Egeghy, P.P., Hauf-Cabalo, L., Gibson, R. and Rappaport, S.M.: Benzene and naphthalene in air and breath as indicators of exposure to jet fuel. Occup. Environ. Med. 60(12): 969-976, 2003.
EPA: Integrated Risk Information System - Napthalene. 1998.
IARC Monographs on Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, Volume 82, Naphthalene, 2002
Marczynski, B. et al.: Genotoxic risk assessment in white blood cells of occupationally exposed workers before and after alteration of the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) profile in the production material: comparison with PAH air and urinary metabolite levels. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 78(2): 97-108, 2005.
NIOSH: Occupational Health Guideline for Naphthalene. September 1978.
NTP: Toxicology and carcinogenesis studies of naphthalene in B6C3F1 mice (inhalation studies). Technical Report Series No. 410. NIH Publication No. 92-3141. (1992).
NTP: Report on Carcinogens - Napthalene.
Preuss, R., Angerer, J. and Drexler, H.: Naphthalene - an environmental and occupational toxicant. Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health 76(8): 556-576, 2003.

Last Updated Date : 01/05/2021

2,6-TOLUENE-DIISOCYANATE (TDI)

Chemical Identification
CAS #	91-08-7
Formula	C₉H₆N₂O₂
Synonyms	2,6-toluene diisocyanate; 2,6-TDI; 2,6-diisocyanato-1-methylbenzene; 2,6-diisocyanatotoluene

Physical Properties
Physical description	Colorless to pale-yellow solid or liquid with a pungent odor.
Boiling point	264-271°F	Molecular weight	174.2
Freezing point/melting point	68-72°F	Vapor pressure	0.5 mmHg at 77°F for 80% 2,4:20%; 2,6 TDI mixture
Flash point		Vapor density	6
Specific gravity	1.2244 at 68°F	Ionization potential
Lower explosive limit (LEL)	0.9%	Upper explosive limit (UEL)	9.5%
NFPA health rating		NFPA fire rating
NFPA reactivity rating		NFPA special instruction
Vapor hazard ratio (VHR)
Historical exceedance percentage
Target organs

Monitoring Methods Used by OSHA
Analyte code (IMIS no.)	T177
Sampling group
Sampler/Sampling media	Isocyanate Sampling Filter Kit - GFF (37 mm, open-faced) coated with 1 mg 1-(2-pyridyl)piperazine [SLTC103]
Sampling time^*	15 min
Sampling volume (TWA)^*	15 L
Sampling flow rate (TWA)^*	1 L/min
Sampling volume (STEL/Peak/C)^*
Sampling flow rate (STEL/Peak/C)^*
Analytical method instruments	UHPLC
Method reference	OSHA 5002 (fully validated)
Notes	Refrigerate coated filters until used. Sample open-faced!!
Special requirements

^* All sampling instructions above are recommended guidelines for OSHA Compliance Safety and Health Officers (CSHOs), please see the corresponding OSHA method reference for complete details.

Bulk/Wipe Method
Wipe Sampler/Sampling media
Bulk Method

On-Site Screening Techniques
Device	Detector tube	Hazard Assessment Test Kit for Aromatic Isocyanates
Model/Type	Dräger - Toluene diisocyanate 0.02/a, 6724501	769-1002
Sampling information (see manufacturer instructions)	25 strokes, approx 0.02-0.2 ppm range, uncertainty 30%	Isocyanate Surface and Dermal Sampling, Hazard Assessment Test Kit for Aromatic Isocyanates

**Exposure Limits**
OSHA PEL 8-hour TWA (ST) STEL (C) Ceiling Peak		NIOSH REL Up to 10-hour TWA (ST) STEL (C) Ceiling		ACGIH TLV© 8-hour TWA (ST) STEL (C) Ceiling		CAL/OSHA PEL 8-hour TWA (ST) STEL (C) Ceiling Peak
PEL-TWA		REL-TWA		TLV-TWA	0.001 ppm (inhalable fraction and vapor) [2015]	PEL-TWA
PEL-STEL		REL-STEL		TLV-STEL	0.005 ppm (inhalable fraction and vapor) [2015]	PEL-STEL
PEL-C		REL-C		TLV-C		PEL-C
Skin notation	NA	Skin notation	NA	Skin notation	Y	Skin notation	NA
Notes: See 2,4-TOLUENE-DIISOCYANATE		Notes: Not established		Notes: dermal sensitizer (DSEN), respiratory sensitizer (RSEN)		Notes: Not established
Health factors: See NIH-NLM PubChem.		IDLH
Carcinogenic classifications: IARC-2B, NIOSH-Ca, NTP-R		Notes:
AIHA emergency response planning guidelines - ERPG-1/ERPG-2/ERPG-3: 0.01 ppm/0.15 ppm/0.6 ppm

Additional Resources and Literature References

NOAA: CAMEO Chemicals - Toluene-2,6-diisocyanate

NIOSH: Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards - Toluene-2,6-diisocyanate

Literature References

ACGIH: Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values (TLVs) and Biological Exposure Indices (BEIs) - Toluene diisocyanate, 2,4 or 2,6- (or as a mixture). See annual publication for most recent information.
NIOSH: Alert -Preventing asthma and death from diisocyanate exposure. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 96-111. 1996.
NIOSH: Current Intelligence Bulletin 53 - Toluene Diisocyanate (TDI) and Toluenediamine (TDA) -Evidence of Carcinogenicity. December 1989.
NIOSH/CEC/ICPS: International Chemical Safety Cards - Toluene-2,6-diisocyanate. November 1998.

Last Updated Date : 04/02/2025

STARCH†

Chemical Identification
CAS #	9005-25-8
Formula	(C₆H₁₀O₅)n
Synonyms	corn starch; rice starch; sorghum gum; α-starch; starch gum; tapioca starch

Physical Properties
Physical description	Fine, white, odorless powder.
Boiling point	decomposes	Molecular weight	varies
Freezing point/melting point	decomposes	Vapor pressure	0 mmHg (approx)
Flash point		Vapor density
Specific gravity	1.45	Ionization potential
Lower explosive limit (LEL)		Upper explosive limit (UEL)
NFPA health rating		NFPA fire rating
NFPA reactivity rating		NFPA special instruction
Vapor hazard ratio (VHR)
Historical exceedance percentage
Target organs

Monitoring Methods Used by OSHA
Analyte code (IMIS no.)	2263 (total); request using analyte code 9135	S124 (resp); request using analyte code 9130
Sampling group
Sampler/Sampling media	Tared low-ash 37 mm PVC filter, 5 microns [SLTC108]	Tared low-ash 37 mm PVC filter, 5 microns, preceded by 10 mm nylon Dorr-Oliver cyclone for respirable samples. [SLTC108]
Sampling time^*	240-480 min	240-480 min
Sampling volume (TWA)^*	960 L	816 L
Sampling flow rate (TWA)^*	2 L/min	1.7 L/min ±5%
Sampling volume (STEL/Peak/C)^*
Sampling flow rate (STEL/Peak/C)^*
Analytical method instruments	Gravimetric	Gravimetric
Method reference	OSHA PV2121 (partially validated)	OSHA PV2121 (partially validated)
Notes	If the net weight of the sample yields a concentration below the PEL after considering the associated SAE , the SLTC will perform no further work on the sample and the sample air concentration will be reported as the calculated gravimetric air concentration. If the net weight corresponds to an amount greater than the PEL value after considering the associated SAE, the sample may be analyzed for the applicable component and appropriate results will be reported.	If the filter is not overloaded, samples can be collected up to an 8-hour period. If the net weight of the sample yields a concentration below the PEL after considering the associated SAE , the SLTC will perform no further work on the sample and the sample air concentration will be reported as the calculated gravimetric air concentration. If the net weight corresponds to an amount greater than the PEL value after considering the associated SAE, the sample may be analyzed for the applicable component and appropriate results will be reported.
Special requirements	FOR TOTAL DUST SAMPLES, DO NOT USE A CYCLONE!!

^* All sampling instructions above are recommended guidelines for OSHA Compliance Safety and Health Officers (CSHOs), please see the corresponding OSHA method reference for complete details.

Bulk/Wipe Method
Wipe Sampler/Sampling media
Bulk Method

On-Site Screening Techniques
Device
Model/Type
Sampling information (see manufacturer instructions)

**Exposure Limits**
OSHA PEL 8-hour TWA (ST) STEL (C) Ceiling Peak		NIOSH REL Up to 10-hour TWA (ST) STEL (C) Ceiling		ACGIH TLV© 8-hour TWA (ST) STEL (C) Ceiling		CAL/OSHA PEL 8-hour TWA (ST) STEL (C) Ceiling Peak
PEL-TWA	15 mg/m³ (total dust), 5 mg/m³ (respirable fraction)	REL-TWA	10 mg/m³ (total), 5 mg/m³ (resp)	TLV-TWA	10 mg/m³ [1992]	PEL-TWA	10 mg/m³ (total dust), 5 mg/m³ (respirable fraction)
PEL-STEL		REL-STEL		TLV-STEL		PEL-STEL
PEL-C		REL-C		TLV-C		PEL-C
Skin notation	N	Skin notation	N	Skin notation	N	Skin notation	N
Notes: See 29 CFR 1910.1000 Table Z-1.		Notes:		Notes:		Notes: as Particulates not otherwise regulated
Health factors: See NIH-NLM PubChem.		IDLH
Carcinogenic classifications: TLV-A4		Notes:
AIHA emergency response planning guidelines - ERPG-1/ERPG-2/ERPG-3:

Additional Resources and Literature References

NOAA: CAMEO Chemicals - Starch

NIOSH: Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards - Starch

Literature References

ACGIH: Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values (TLVs) and Biological Exposure Indices (BEIs) - Starch. See annual publication for most recent information.
OSHA Safety and Health Information Bulletin (SHIB 07-31-2005): Combustible Dust in Industry: Preventing and Mitigating the Effects of Fire and Explosions.
Crippa, M. and Pasolini, G.: Allergic reaction due to glove-lubricant-powder in health-care workers. Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health 70(6): 399-402, 1997.
Dutkiewicz, J., Krysińska-Traczyk, E., Skórska, C., Cholewa, G. and Sitkowska, J.: Exposure to airborne microorganisms and endotoxin in a potato processing plant. Ann. Agric. Environ. Med. 9(2): 225-235, 2002.
Ewers, L.M. and Tapp, L.C.: Endotoxin exposures during potato processing. Appl. Occup. Environ. Hyg. 16(12): 1079-1087, 2001.
Grunewald, J., et al.: Lung accumulations of eosinophil granulocytes after exposure to cornstarch glove powder. Eur. Respir. J. 21(4): 646-651, 2003.
Newsom, S.W. and Shaw, M.: A survey of starch particle counts in the hospital environment in relation to the use of powdered latex gloves. Occup. Med. (Lond.) 47(3): 155-158, 1997.

Last Updated Date : 01/12/2021

2,4,5-TRICHLOROPHENOXYACETIC ACID (2,4,5-T)†

Chemical Identification

Physical Properties

Monitoring Methods Used by OSHA

Bulk/Wipe Method

On-Site Screening Techniques

Exposure Limits

Additional Resources and Literature References

4-NITRODIPHENYL (4-NITROBIPHENYL)‡

Chemical Identification

Physical Properties

Monitoring Methods Used by OSHA

Bulk/Wipe Method

On-Site Screening Techniques

Exposure Limits

Additional Resources and Literature References

PHENOTHIAZINE

Chemical Identification

Physical Properties

Monitoring Methods Used by OSHA

Bulk/Wipe Method

On-Site Screening Techniques

Exposure Limits

Additional Resources and Literature References

4-AMINODIPHENYL‡

Chemical Identification

Physical Properties

Monitoring Methods Used by OSHA

Bulk/Wipe Method

On-Site Screening Techniques

Exposure Limits

Additional Resources and Literature References

DIPHENYL (BIPHENYL)‡

Chemical Identification

Physical Properties

Monitoring Methods Used by OSHA

Bulk/Wipe Method

On-Site Screening Techniques

Exposure Limits

Additional Resources and Literature References

3,3'-DICHLOROBENZIDINE (and its salts)‡

Chemical Identification

Physical Properties

Monitoring Methods Used by OSHA

Bulk/Wipe Method

On-Site Screening Techniques

Exposure Limits

Additional Resources and Literature References

β-NAPHTHYLAMINE‡

Chemical Identification

Physical Properties

Monitoring Methods Used by OSHA

Bulk/Wipe Method

On-Site Screening Techniques

Exposure Limits

Additional Resources and Literature References

NAPHTHALENE†

Chemical Identification

Physical Properties

Monitoring Methods Used by OSHA

Bulk/Wipe Method

On-Site Screening Techniques

Exposure Limits

Additional Resources and Literature References

2,6-TOLUENE-DIISOCYANATE (TDI)

Chemical Identification

Physical Properties

Monitoring Methods Used by OSHA

Bulk/Wipe Method

On-Site Screening Techniques

Exposure Limits

Additional Resources and Literature References

STARCH†

Chemical Identification

Physical Properties

Monitoring Methods Used by OSHA

Bulk/Wipe Method

On-Site Screening Techniques

Exposure Limits

Additional Resources and Literature References