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NITROTOLUENE, ALL ISOMERS†

Chemical Identification
CAS #	99-08-1; 99-99-0; 88-72-2; 1321-12-6
Formula	C₇H₇NO₂
Synonyms	m-methylnitrobenzene; 3-methylnitrobenzene; meta-nitrotoluene; 3-nitrotoluene, p-methylnitrobenzene; 4-methylnitrobenzene; para-nitrotoluene; 4-nitrotoluene; o-methylnitrobenzene; 2-methylnitrobenzene; ortho-nitrotoluene; 2-nitrotoluene

Physical Properties
Physical description	Exists as either a yellow solid crystal or liquid.
Boiling point		Molecular weight
Freezing point/melting point		Vapor pressure	0.1 mmHg
Flash point	223°F	Vapor density
Specific gravity		Ionization potential
Lower explosive limit (LEL)		Upper explosive limit (UEL)
NFPA health rating	3	NFPA fire rating	1
NFPA reactivity rating	1	NFPA special instruction
Vapor hazard ratio (VHR)
Historical exceedance percentage
Target organs

Monitoring Methods Used by OSHA
Analyte code (IMIS no.)	1945
Sampling group
Sampler/Sampling media	Silica gel tube (150/75 mg) [SKC 226-10]
Sampling time^*
Sampling volume (TWA)^*	10-150 L
Sampling flow rate (TWA)^*	0.01-1 L/min
Sampling volume (STEL/Peak/C)^*
Sampling flow rate (STEL/Peak/C)^*
Analytical method instruments	GC-FID
Method reference	NIOSH 2005 (fully validated)
Notes
Special requirements

^* All sampling instructions above are recommended guidelines for OSHA Compliance Safety and Health Officers (CSHOs), please see the corresponding OSHA method reference for complete details.

Bulk/Wipe Method
Wipe Sampler/Sampling media
Bulk Method

On-Site Screening Techniques
Device
Model/Type
Sampling information (see manufacturer instructions)

**Exposure Limits**
OSHA PEL 8-hour TWA (ST) STEL (C) Ceiling Peak		NIOSH REL Up to 10-hour TWA (ST) STEL (C) Ceiling		ACGIH TLV© 8-hour TWA (ST) STEL (C) Ceiling		CAL/OSHA PEL 8-hour TWA (ST) STEL (C) Ceiling Peak
PEL-TWA	5 ppm (30 mg/m³)	REL-TWA	2 ppm (11 mg/m³)	TLV-TWA	2 ppm [1992]	PEL-TWA	2 ppm (11 mg/m³)
PEL-STEL		REL-STEL		TLV-STEL		PEL-STEL
PEL-C		REL-C		TLV-C		PEL-C
Skin notation	Y	Skin notation	Y	Skin notation	Y	Skin notation	Y
Notes: See 29 CFR 1910.1000 Table Z-1.		Notes:		Notes: BEI®		Notes:
Health factors: See NIH-NLM PubChem.		IDLH	200 ppm
Carcinogenic classifications: IARC-3		Notes:
AIHA emergency response planning guidelines - ERPG-1/ERPG-2/ERPG-3:

Additional Resources and Literature References

NOAA: CAMEO Chemicals - Nitrotoluenes

NIOSH: Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards - m-Nitrotoluene

Literature References

ACGIH: Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values (TLVs) and Biological Exposure Indices (BEIs) - Nitrotoluene, all isomers. See annual publication for most recent information.
NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards - p-Nitrotoluene, o-Nitrotoluene.

Last Updated Date : 01/29/2021

NITROBENZENE†

Chemical Identification
CAS #	98-95-3
Formula	C₆H₅NO₂
Synonyms	essence of mirbane; nitrobenzol; oil of mirbane

Physical Properties
Physical description	Yellow to dark brown, oily liquid with a pungent odor like paste shoe polish.
Boiling point	411°F	Molecular weight	123.11
Freezing point/melting point	42°F	Vapor pressure	0.3 mmHg at 77°F
Flash point	190°F	Vapor density	4.3
Specific gravity	1.20	Ionization potential	9.92 eV
Lower explosive limit (LEL)	1.8% at 200°F	Upper explosive limit (UEL)	1.8%
NFPA health rating	3	NFPA fire rating	2
NFPA reactivity rating	1	NFPA special instruction
Vapor hazard ratio (VHR)
Historical exceedance percentage
Target organs

Monitoring Methods Used by OSHA
Analyte code (IMIS no.)	1870
Sampling group
Sampler/Sampling media	Silica gel tube (150/75 mg) [SKC 226-10]
Sampling time^*
Sampling volume (TWA)^*	10-150 L
Sampling flow rate (TWA)^*	0.01-1 L/min
Sampling volume (STEL/Peak/C)^*
Sampling flow rate (STEL/Peak/C)^*
Analytical method instruments	GC-FID
Method reference	NIOSH 2005 (fully validated)
Notes
Special requirements

^* All sampling instructions above are recommended guidelines for OSHA Compliance Safety and Health Officers (CSHOs), please see the corresponding OSHA method reference for complete details.

Bulk/Wipe Method
Wipe Sampler/Sampling media
Bulk Method

On-Site Screening Techniques
Device	Infrared spectrophotometer
Model/Type	Miran 1A & 1B
Sampling information (see manufacturer instructions)	0.9 ppm@11.9µm

**Exposure Limits**
OSHA PEL 8-hour TWA (ST) STEL (C) Ceiling Peak		NIOSH REL Up to 10-hour TWA (ST) STEL (C) Ceiling		ACGIH TLV© 8-hour TWA (ST) STEL (C) Ceiling		CAL/OSHA PEL 8-hour TWA (ST) STEL (C) Ceiling Peak
PEL-TWA	1 ppm (5 mg/m³)	REL-TWA	1 ppm (5 mg/m³)	TLV-TWA	1 ppm [1992]	PEL-TWA	1 ppm (5 mg/m³)
PEL-STEL		REL-STEL		TLV-STEL		PEL-STEL
PEL-C		REL-C		TLV-C		PEL-C
Skin notation	Y	Skin notation	Y	Skin notation	Y	Skin notation	Y
Notes: See 29 CFR 1910.1000 Table Z-1.		Notes:		Notes:		Notes:
Health factors: See NIH-NLM PubChem.		IDLH	200 ppm
Carcinogenic classifications: IARC-2B, TLV-A3, EPA-L, NTP-R		Notes:
AIHA emergency response planning guidelines - ERPG-1/ERPG-2/ERPG-3:

Additional Resources and Literature References

NOAA: CAMEO Chemicals - Nitrobenzene

NIOSH: Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards - Nitrobenzene

Literature References

ACGIH: Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values (TLVs) and Biological Exposure Indices (BEIs) - Nitrobenzene. See annual publication for most recent information.

Last Updated Date : 01/05/2021

BENZOYL CHLORIDE

Chemical Identification
CAS #	98-88-4
Formula	C₇H₅ClO
Synonyms	benzenecarbonyl chloride; α-chlorobenzaldehyde; benzoic acid chloride

Physical Properties
Physical description	A colorless fuming liquid with a pungent odor.
Boiling point	387°F	Molecular weight	140.57
Freezing point/melting point	30.2°F	Vapor pressure	0.4 mmHg
Flash point	162°F	Vapor density	4.88
Specific gravity	1.211	Ionization potential
Lower explosive limit (LEL)	1.2%	Upper explosive limit (UEL)	4.9%
NFPA health rating	3	NFPA fire rating	2
NFPA reactivity rating	2	NFPA special instruction	W: Reacts violently or explosively with water
Vapor hazard ratio (VHR)
Historical exceedance percentage
Target organs

Monitoring Methods Used by OSHA
Analyte code (IMIS no.)
Sampling group
Sampler/Sampling media
Sampling time^*
Sampling volume (TWA)^*
Sampling flow rate (TWA)^*
Sampling volume (STEL/Peak/C)^*
Sampling flow rate (STEL/Peak/C)^*
Analytical method instruments
Method reference
Notes
Special requirements

^* All sampling instructions above are recommended guidelines for OSHA Compliance Safety and Health Officers (CSHOs), please see the corresponding OSHA method reference for complete details.

Bulk/Wipe Method
Wipe Sampler/Sampling media
Bulk Method

On-Site Screening Techniques
Device
Model/Type
Sampling information (see manufacturer instructions)

**Exposure Limits**
OSHA PEL 8-hour TWA (ST) STEL (C) Ceiling Peak		NIOSH REL Up to 10-hour TWA (ST) STEL (C) Ceiling		ACGIH TLV© 8-hour TWA (ST) STEL (C) Ceiling		CAL/OSHA PEL 8-hour TWA (ST) STEL (C) Ceiling Peak
PEL-TWA		REL-TWA		TLV-TWA		PEL-TWA
PEL-STEL		REL-STEL		TLV-STEL		PEL-STEL
PEL-C		REL-C		TLV-C	0.5 ppm [1992]	PEL-C	0.2 ppm (1.1 mg/m³)
Skin notation	NA	Skin notation	NA	Skin notation	N	Skin notation	N
Notes: Not established		Notes: Not established		Notes:		Notes:
Health factors: See NIH-NLM PubChem.		IDLH	10 mg/m³
Carcinogenic classifications: IARC-2A, TLV-A4		Notes:
AIHA emergency response planning guidelines - ERPG-1/ERPG-2/ERPG-3: 0.3 ppm/5 ppm/20 ppm

Additional Resources and Literature References

NOAA: CAMEO Chemicals - Benzoyl chloride

NIOSH: Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards - Benzoyl chloride

Literature References

ACGIH: Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values (TLVs) and Biological Exposure Indices (BEIs) - Benzoyl chloride. See annual publication for most recent information.

Last Updated Date : 12/17/2020

ACETOPHENONE

Chemical Identification
CAS #	98-86-2
Formula	C₈H₈O
Synonyms	α-acetophenone; acetylbenzene; 1-phenylethanone; phenyl methyl ketone

Physical Properties
Physical description	A colorless liquid with a sweet pungent taste and odor resembling the odor of oranges.
Boiling point	395.1°F	Molecular weight	120.16
Freezing point/melting point	67.5°F	Vapor pressure
Flash point	180°F	Vapor density
Specific gravity	1.028	Ionization potential
Lower explosive limit (LEL)	1.1%	Upper explosive limit (UEL)	6.7%
NFPA health rating	2	NFPA fire rating	2
NFPA reactivity rating	0	NFPA special instruction
Vapor hazard ratio (VHR)
Historical exceedance percentage
Target organs

Monitoring Methods Used by OSHA
Analyte code (IMIS no.)	A169
Sampling group
Sampler/Sampling media	Tenax® GC tube (30/15 mg) [SKC 226-35]
Sampling time^*	120 min
Sampling volume (TWA)^*	12 L
Sampling flow rate (TWA)^*	0.1 L/min
Sampling volume (STEL/Peak/C)^*
Sampling flow rate (STEL/Peak/C)^*
Analytical method instruments	GC-FID
Method reference	OSHA PV2003 (partially validated)
Notes
Special requirements

^* All sampling instructions above are recommended guidelines for OSHA Compliance Safety and Health Officers (CSHOs), please see the corresponding OSHA method reference for complete details.

Bulk/Wipe Method
Wipe Sampler/Sampling media
Bulk Method

On-Site Screening Techniques
Device
Model/Type
Sampling information (see manufacturer instructions)

**Exposure Limits**
OSHA PEL 8-hour TWA (ST) STEL (C) Ceiling Peak		NIOSH REL Up to 10-hour TWA (ST) STEL (C) Ceiling		ACGIH TLV© 8-hour TWA (ST) STEL (C) Ceiling		CAL/OSHA PEL 8-hour TWA (ST) STEL (C) Ceiling Peak
PEL-TWA		REL-TWA		TLV-TWA		PEL-TWA	10 ppm (49 mg/m³)
PEL-STEL		REL-STEL		TLV-STEL		PEL-STEL
PEL-C		REL-C		TLV-C		PEL-C
Skin notation	NA	Skin notation	NA	Skin notation	N	Skin notation	N
Notes: Not established		Notes: Not established		Notes: Visit the ACGIH TLV site for specific data		Notes:
Health factors: See NIH-NLM PubChem.		IDLH
Carcinogenic classifications: EPA-D		Notes:
AIHA emergency response planning guidelines - ERPG-1/ERPG-2/ERPG-3:

Additional Resources and Literature References

NOAA: CAMEO Chemicals - Acetophenone

NIOSH: Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards - Acetophenone

Literature References

ACGIH: Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values (TLVs) and Biological Exposure Indices (BEIs) - Acetophenone. See annual publication for most recent information.
International Chemical Safety Cards (WHO/IPCS/ILO): Acetophenone.
U.S. EPA Integrated Risk Information System: Acetophenone (CASRN 98-86-2).
Eberde, E.G. (editor) Drugs and chemicals general price list. The Southern Pharmaceutical Journal 5(4): 1-7, 1912.
Pohanish, R.P. (editor) Acetophenone. In, Sittig's Handbook of Toxic and Hazardous Chemicals and Carcinogens, Fourth Ed., Vol. 1. Norwich, NY: Noyes Publications, William Andrew Publishing, 2002, pp. 44-45.

Last Updated Date : 07/15/2025

α-METHYL STYRENE†

Chemical Identification
CAS #	98-83-9
Formula	C₉H₁₀
Synonyms	benzoic trichloride

Physical Properties
Physical description	Colorless liquid with a characteristic odor.
Boiling point	330°F	Molecular weight	118.2
Freezing point/melting point	-10°F	Vapor pressure	2 mmHg
Flash point	129°F	Vapor density	4.08
Specific gravity	0.91	Ionization potential	8.35 eV
Lower explosive limit (LEL)	1.9%	Upper explosive limit (UEL)	6.1%
NFPA health rating	1	NFPA fire rating	2
NFPA reactivity rating	1	NFPA special instruction
Vapor hazard ratio (VHR)
Historical exceedance percentage
Target organs

Monitoring Methods Used by OSHA
Analyte code (IMIS no.)	1782
Sampling group
Sampler/Sampling media	CSC tube (100/50 mg) [SKC 226-01]
Sampling time^*
Sampling volume (TWA)^*	1-30 L
Sampling flow rate (TWA)^*	0.01-0.2 L/min
Sampling volume (STEL/Peak/C)^*
Sampling flow rate (STEL/Peak/C)^*
Analytical method instruments	GC-FID
Method reference	NIOSH 1501 (partially validated)
Notes
Special requirements

^* All sampling instructions above are recommended guidelines for OSHA Compliance Safety and Health Officers (CSHOs), please see the corresponding OSHA method reference for complete details.

Bulk/Wipe Method
Wipe Sampler/Sampling media
Bulk Method

On-Site Screening Techniques
Device	Detector tube	Infrared spectrophotometer	Infrared spectrophotometer
Model/Type	Matheson-Kitagawa 8014-193S	Miran 1A & 1B	Miran 103
Sampling information (see manufacturer instructions)	follow mfr instructions, 10-500 ppm range	0.7 ppm@11.3 µm	0-100 ppm@11.3 µm

**Exposure Limits**
OSHA PEL 8-hour TWA (ST) STEL (C) Ceiling Peak		NIOSH REL Up to 10-hour TWA (ST) STEL (C) Ceiling		ACGIH TLV© 8-hour TWA (ST) STEL (C) Ceiling		CAL/OSHA PEL 8-hour TWA (ST) STEL (C) Ceiling Peak
PEL-TWA		REL-TWA	50 ppm	TLV-TWA	10 ppm [2009]	PEL-TWA	50 ppm (240 mg/m³)
PEL-STEL		REL-STEL	100 ppm	TLV-STEL		PEL-STEL	100 ppm (485 mg/m³)
PEL-C	100 ppm (480 mg/m³)	REL-C		TLV-C		PEL-C
Skin notation	N	Skin notation	N	Skin notation	N	Skin notation	N
Notes: See 29 CFR 1910.1000 Table Z-1.		Notes:		Notes:		Notes:
Health factors: See NIH-NLM PubChem.		IDLH	700 ppm
Carcinogenic classifications: TLV-A3		Notes:
AIHA emergency response planning guidelines - ERPG-1/ERPG-2/ERPG-3:

Additional Resources and Literature References

NOAA: CAMEO Chemicals - Isopropenylbenzene

NIOSH: Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards - ⍺-Methyl styrene

Literature References

ACGIH: Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values (TLVs) and Biological Exposure Indices (BEIs) - α-Methyl styrene. See annual publication for most recent information.

Last Updated Date : 01/14/2021

CUMENE†

Chemical Identification
CAS #	98-82-8
Formula	C₉H₁₂
Synonyms	isopropyl benzene; isopropylbenzene; 2-phenyl propane; cumol

Physical Properties
Physical description	Colorless liquid with a sharp, penetrating, aromatic odor.
Boiling point	306°F	Molecular weight	120.2
Freezing point/melting point	-141°F	Vapor pressure	8 mmHg
Flash point	96°F	Vapor density
Specific gravity	0.86	Ionization potential	8.75 eV
Lower explosive limit (LEL)	0.9%	Upper explosive limit (UEL)	6.5%
NFPA health rating	2	NFPA fire rating	3
NFPA reactivity rating	1	NFPA special instruction
Vapor hazard ratio (VHR)
Historical exceedance percentage
Target organs

Monitoring Methods Used by OSHA
Analyte code (IMIS no.)	0780
Sampling group
Sampler/Sampling media	CSC tube (100/50 mg) [SKC 226-01]
Sampling time^*	120 min
Sampling volume (TWA)^*	24 L
Sampling flow rate (TWA)^*	0.2 L/min
Sampling volume (STEL/Peak/C)^*
Sampling flow rate (STEL/Peak/C)^*
Analytical method instruments	GC-FID
Method reference	OSHA PV2137 (partially validated)
Notes
Special requirements

^* All sampling instructions above are recommended guidelines for OSHA Compliance Safety and Health Officers (CSHOs), please see the corresponding OSHA method reference for complete details.

Bulk/Wipe Method
Wipe Sampler/Sampling media	Wipe with charcoal pad, seal in glass vial for shipment. [3M 3500]
Bulk Method

On-Site Screening Techniques
Device
Model/Type
Sampling information (see manufacturer instructions)

**Exposure Limits**
OSHA PEL 8-hour TWA (ST) STEL (C) Ceiling Peak		NIOSH REL Up to 10-hour TWA (ST) STEL (C) Ceiling		ACGIH TLV© 8-hour TWA (ST) STEL (C) Ceiling		CAL/OSHA PEL 8-hour TWA (ST) STEL (C) Ceiling Peak
PEL-TWA	50 ppm (245 mg/m³)	REL-TWA	50 ppm (245 mg/m³)	TLV-TWA	50 ppm [1997]	PEL-TWA	50 ppm (245 mg/m³)
PEL-STEL		REL-STEL		TLV-STEL		PEL-STEL
PEL-C		REL-C		TLV-C		PEL-C
Skin notation	Y	Skin notation	Y	Skin notation	N	Skin notation	Y
Notes: See 29 CFR 1910.1000 Table Z-1.		Notes:		Notes:		Notes:
Health factors: See NIH-NLM PubChem.		IDLH	900 ppm
Carcinogenic classifications: EPA-CBD;D		Notes: 10% of LEL
AIHA emergency response planning guidelines - ERPG-1/ERPG-2/ERPG-3:

Additional Resources and Literature References

NOAA: CAMEO Chemicals - Cumene

NIOSH: Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards - Cumene

Literature References

ACGIH: Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values (TLVs) and Biological Exposure Indices (BEIs) - Cumene. See annual publication for most recent information.
EPA Air Toxics Website: Cumene. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Technology Transfer Network.
Pohanish, R.P. (editor): Cumene. In, Sittig's Handbook of Toxic and Hazardous Chemicals and Carcinogens, Fourth Ed., Vol. 1. Norwich, NY: Noyes Publications, William Andrew Publishing, 2002, pp. 682-684.

Last Updated Date : 12/22/2020

P-TERT-BUTYLTOLUENE†

Chemical Identification
CAS #	98-51-1
Formula	C₁₁H₁₆
Synonyms	benzenyl chloride

Physical Properties
Physical description	Colorless liquid with a distinct aromatic odor, somewhat like gasoline.
Boiling point	379°F	Molecular weight	148.3
Freezing point/melting point	-62°F	Vapor pressure	0.7 mmHg@77°F
Flash point	155°F	Vapor density
Specific gravity	0.8612	Ionization potential	8.28 eV
Lower explosive limit (LEL)		Upper explosive limit (UEL)
NFPA health rating		NFPA fire rating
NFPA reactivity rating		NFPA special instruction
Vapor hazard ratio (VHR)
Historical exceedance percentage
Target organs

Monitoring Methods Used by OSHA
Analyte code (IMIS no.)	0485
Sampling group
Sampler/Sampling media	CSC tube (100/50 mg) [SKC 226-01]
Sampling time^*
Sampling volume (TWA)^*	1-29 L
Sampling flow rate (TWA)^*	0.01-0.2 L/min
Sampling volume (STEL/Peak/C)^*
Sampling flow rate (STEL/Peak/C)^*
Analytical method instruments	GC-FID
Method reference	NIOSH 1501 (partially validated)
Notes
Special requirements

^* All sampling instructions above are recommended guidelines for OSHA Compliance Safety and Health Officers (CSHOs), please see the corresponding OSHA method reference for complete details.

Bulk/Wipe Method
Wipe Sampler/Sampling media
Bulk Method

On-Site Screening Techniques
Device	Infrared spectrophotometer	Infrared spectrophotometer
Model/Type	Miran 1A & 1B	Miran 103
Sampling information (see manufacturer instructions)	2 ppm@12.3 µm	0-100 ppm@12.3 µm

**Exposure Limits**
OSHA PEL 8-hour TWA (ST) STEL (C) Ceiling Peak		NIOSH REL Up to 10-hour TWA (ST) STEL (C) Ceiling		ACGIH TLV© 8-hour TWA (ST) STEL (C) Ceiling		CAL/OSHA PEL 8-hour TWA (ST) STEL (C) Ceiling Peak
PEL-TWA	10 ppm (60 mg/m³)	REL-TWA	10 ppm (60 mg/m³)	TLV-TWA		PEL-TWA	1 ppm (6.1 mg/m³)
PEL-STEL		REL-STEL	20 ppm (120 mg/m³)	TLV-STEL		PEL-STEL	20 ppm (120 mg/m³)
PEL-C		REL-C		TLV-C		PEL-C
Skin notation	N	Skin notation	N	Skin notation	N	Skin notation	N
Notes: See 29 CFR 1910.1000 Table Z-1.		Notes:		Notes: Visit the ACGIH TLV site for specific data		Notes:
Health factors: See NIH-NLM PubChem.		IDLH	100 ppm
Carcinogenic classifications:		Notes:
AIHA emergency response planning guidelines - ERPG-1/ERPG-2/ERPG-3:

Additional Resources and Literature References

NOAA: CAMEO Chemicals - P-Tert-Butyltoluene

NIOSH: Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards - p-tert-Butyltoluene

Literature References

ACGIH: Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values (TLVs) and Biological Exposure Indices (BEIs) - p-tert-Butyl toluene. See annual publication for most recent information.

Last Updated Date : 04/08/2024

BENZOTRICHLORIDE

Chemical Identification
CAS #	98-07-7
Formula	C₇H₅Cl₃
Synonyms	benzene (trichloromethyl)-;benzenyl chloride; benzenyl trichloride; benzoic trichloride

Physical Properties
Physical description	A clear colorless to yellowish colored liquid with a penetrating odor. Denser than water and vapors are heavier than air. May be toxic by inhalation or ingestion. Burns skin, eyes, and mucous membranes. Insoluble in water. Used to make dyes and other chemicals.
Boiling point	429.4°F	Molecular weight	195.48
Freezing point/melting point	23°F	Vapor pressure	1-10 mmHg at 114.44-189.68°F
Flash point	260°F	Vapor density	6.77
Specific gravity	1.3756	Ionization potential
Lower explosive limit (LEL)		Upper explosive limit (UEL)
NFPA health rating	4	NFPA fire rating	1
NFPA reactivity rating	0	NFPA special instruction
Vapor hazard ratio (VHR)
Historical exceedance percentage
Target organs

Monitoring Methods Used by OSHA
Analyte code (IMIS no.)
Sampling group
Sampler/Sampling media
Sampling time^*
Sampling volume (TWA)^*
Sampling flow rate (TWA)^*
Sampling volume (STEL/Peak/C)^*
Sampling flow rate (STEL/Peak/C)^*
Analytical method instruments
Method reference
Notes
Special requirements

^* All sampling instructions above are recommended guidelines for OSHA Compliance Safety and Health Officers (CSHOs), please see the corresponding OSHA method reference for complete details.

Bulk/Wipe Method
Wipe Sampler/Sampling media
Bulk Method

On-Site Screening Techniques
Device
Model/Type
Sampling information (see manufacturer instructions)

**Exposure Limits**
OSHA PEL 8-hour TWA (ST) STEL (C) Ceiling Peak		NIOSH REL Up to 10-hour TWA (ST) STEL (C) Ceiling		ACGIH TLV© 8-hour TWA (ST) STEL (C) Ceiling		CAL/OSHA PEL 8-hour TWA (ST) STEL (C) Ceiling Peak
PEL-TWA		REL-TWA		TLV-TWA		PEL-TWA
PEL-STEL		REL-STEL		TLV-STEL		PEL-STEL
PEL-C		REL-C		TLV-C	0.1 ppm [1994]	PEL-C
Skin notation	NA	Skin notation	NA	Skin notation	Y	Skin notation	NA
Notes: Not established		Notes: Not established		Notes:		Notes: Not established
Health factors: See NIH-NLM PubChem.		IDLH
Carcinogenic classifications: EPA-B2, IARC-2A, NTP-R, TLV-A2		Notes:
AIHA emergency response planning guidelines - ERPG-1/ERPG-2/ERPG-3:

Additional Resources and Literature References

NOAA: CAMEO Chemicals - Benzotrichloride

NIOSH: Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards - Benzotrichloride

Literature References

ACGIH: Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values (TLVs) and Biological Exposure Indices (BEIs) - Benzotrichloride. See annual publication for most recent information.

Last Updated Date : 12/17/2020

FURFURAL†

Chemical Identification
CAS #	98-01-1
Formula	C₅H₄O₂
Synonyms	fural; 2-furancarboxaldehyde; furfuraldehyde; 2-furfuraldehyde

Physical Properties
Physical description	Colorless to amber liquid with an almond-like odor.
Boiling point	323°F	Molecular weight	96.1
Freezing point/melting point	-34°F	Vapor pressure	2 mmHg
Flash point	140°F	Vapor density
Specific gravity	1.16	Ionization potential	9.21 eV
Lower explosive limit (LEL)	2.1%	Upper explosive limit (UEL)	19.3%
NFPA health rating	3	NFPA fire rating	2
NFPA reactivity rating	1	NFPA special instruction
Vapor hazard ratio (VHR)
Historical exceedance percentage
Target organs

Monitoring Methods Used by OSHA
Analyte code (IMIS no.)	1325
Sampling group
Sampler/Sampling media	Anasorb 747 (140/70 mg) [SKC 226-81A]
Sampling time^*	180 min
Sampling volume (TWA)^*	180 L
Sampling flow rate (TWA)^*	1 L/min
Sampling volume (STEL/Peak/C)^*	15 L
Sampling flow rate (STEL/Peak/C)^*	1 L/min
Analytical method instruments	GC-FID
Method reference	OSHA 72 (fully validated)
Notes
Special requirements

^* All sampling instructions above are recommended guidelines for OSHA Compliance Safety and Health Officers (CSHOs), please see the corresponding OSHA method reference for complete details.

Bulk/Wipe Method
Wipe Sampler/Sampling media
Bulk Method

On-Site Screening Techniques
Device
Model/Type
Sampling information (see manufacturer instructions)

**Exposure Limits**
OSHA PEL 8-hour TWA (ST) STEL (C) Ceiling Peak		NIOSH REL Up to 10-hour TWA (ST) STEL (C) Ceiling		ACGIH TLV© 8-hour TWA (ST) STEL (C) Ceiling		CAL/OSHA PEL 8-hour TWA (ST) STEL (C) Ceiling Peak
PEL-TWA	5 ppm (20 mg/m³)	REL-TWA		TLV-TWA	0.2 ppm [2016]	PEL-TWA	2 ppm (8 mg/m³)
PEL-STEL		REL-STEL		TLV-STEL		PEL-STEL
PEL-C		REL-C		TLV-C		PEL-C
Skin notation	Y	Skin notation	N	Skin notation	Y	Skin notation	Y
Notes: See 29 CFR 1910.1000 Table Z-1.		Notes: See Appendix D - Substances with No Established RELs.		Notes: BEI®		Notes:
Health factors: See NIH-NLM PubChem.		IDLH	100 ppm
Carcinogenic classifications: IARC-3, TLV-A3		Notes:
AIHA emergency response planning guidelines - ERPG-1/ERPG-2/ERPG-3: 2 ppm/10 ppm/50 ppm

Additional Resources and Literature References

NOAA: CAMEO Chemicals - Furfural

NIOSH: Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards - Furfural

Literature References

ACGIH: Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values (TLVs) and Biological Exposure Indices (BEIs) - Furfural. See annual publication for most recent information.
U.S. EPA Integrated Risk Information System: Furfural (CASRN 98-01-1).
U.S. EPA Multi-Year Workplan for Conventional Pesticide Registration.
Adams, T.B., et al.: The FEMA GRAS assessment of furfural used as a flavour ingredient. Flavor and Extract Manufacturers' Association. Food Chem. Toxicol. 35(8): 739-751, 1997.
Arts, J.H.E., de Heer, C. and Woutersen, R.A.: Local effects in the respiratory tract: relevance of subjectively measured irritation for setting occupational exposure limits. Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health 79(4): 283-298, 2006.
Arts, J.H., Muijser, H., Appel, M.J., Frieke Kuper, C. Bessems, J.G. and Woutersen, R.A.: Subacute (28-day) toxicity of furfural in Fischer 344 rats: a comparison of the oral and inhalation route. Food. Chem. Toxicol. 42(9): 1389-1399, 2004.
Boylstein, R., Piacitelli, C., Grote, A., Kanwal, R., Kullman, G. and Kreiss, K.: Diacetyl emissions and airborne dust from butter flavorings used in microwave popcorn production. J. Occup. Environ. Hyg. 3(10): 530-535, 2006.
Ewing, A., Phelka, A., Ball, G. and McLellan, C.: Human health risk assessment of furfural to determine drinking water action levels (Abstract). Toxicologist 78(Suppl. 1): 151, 2004.
Flek, J. and Šedivec, V.: The absorption, metabolism and excretion of furfural in man. Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health 41(3): 159-168, 1978.
Hollmann, R., Hort, C.E., Kammer, E., Naegele, M., Sigrist, M.W. and Meuli-Simmen, C.: Smoke in the operating theater: an unregarded source of danger. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 114(2): 458-463, 2004.
Mishra, A., et al.: Pathological and biochemical alterations induced by inhalation of furfural vapor in rat lung. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 47(): 668-674, 1991.
NIOSH Alert: Preventing Lung Disease in Workers Who Use or Make Flavorings. HHS (NIOSH) Publication Number 2004-110.
No authors listed: 2-Furaldehyde. Concise international chemical assessment document 21. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2000, 43 pp.
No authors listed: Furfural. IARC Monogr. Eval. Carcinog. Risks Hum. 63: 409-429, 1995.
Pohanish, R.P. (editor): Furfural. In, Sittig's Handbook of Toxic and Hazardous Chemicals and Carcinogens, Fourth Ed., Vol. 1. Norwich, NY: Noyes Publications, William Andrew Publishing, 2002, pp. 1196-1198.
Rodriguez-Kabana, R., Kloepper, J.W., Weaver, C.F. and Robertson, D.G.: Control of plant parasitic nematodes with furfural: a naturally occurring fumigant. Nematropica 23(1): 63-73, 1993.

Last Updated Date : 12/29/2020

FURFURYL ALCOHOL†

Chemical Identification
CAS #	98-00-0
Formula	C₅H₆O₂
Synonyms	2-furylmethanol; 2-hydroxymethylfuran

Physical Properties
Physical description	Colorless to amber liquid with a faint, burning odor.
Boiling point	338°F	Molecular weight	98.1
Freezing point/melting point	-24°F	Vapor pressure	0.6 mmHg at 77°F
Flash point	167°F	Vapor density	3.4
Specific gravity	1.13	Ionization potential
Lower explosive limit (LEL)	1.8%	Upper explosive limit (UEL)	16.3%
NFPA health rating	3	NFPA fire rating	2
NFPA reactivity rating	1	NFPA special instruction
Vapor hazard ratio (VHR)
Historical exceedance percentage
Target organs

Monitoring Methods Used by OSHA
Analyte code (IMIS no.)	1330
Sampling group
Sampler/Sampling media	Porapak Q tube (150/75 mg) [SKC 226-115]
Sampling time^*
Sampling volume (TWA)^*	3-25 L
Sampling flow rate (TWA)^*	0.05 L/min
Sampling volume (STEL/Peak/C)^*
Sampling flow rate (STEL/Peak/C)^*
Analytical method instruments	GC-FID
Method reference	NIOSH 2505 (fully validated)
Notes
Special requirements

^* All sampling instructions above are recommended guidelines for OSHA Compliance Safety and Health Officers (CSHOs), please see the corresponding OSHA method reference for complete details.

Bulk/Wipe Method
Wipe Sampler/Sampling media
Bulk Method

On-Site Screening Techniques
Device
Model/Type
Sampling information (see manufacturer instructions)

**Exposure Limits**
OSHA PEL 8-hour TWA (ST) STEL (C) Ceiling Peak		NIOSH REL Up to 10-hour TWA (ST) STEL (C) Ceiling		ACGIH TLV© 8-hour TWA (ST) STEL (C) Ceiling		CAL/OSHA PEL 8-hour TWA (ST) STEL (C) Ceiling Peak
PEL-TWA	50 ppm (200 mg/m³)	REL-TWA	10 ppm (40 mg/m³)	TLV-TWA	0.2 ppm [2016]	PEL-TWA	10 ppm (40 mg/m³)
PEL-STEL		REL-STEL	15 ppm (60 mg/m³)	TLV-STEL		PEL-STEL	15 ppm (60 mg/m³)
PEL-C		REL-C		TLV-C		PEL-C
Skin notation	N	Skin notation	Y	Skin notation	Y	Skin notation	Y
Notes: See 29 CFR 1910.1000 Table Z-1.		Notes:		Notes:		Notes:
Health factors: See NIH-NLM PubChem.		IDLH	75 ppm
Carcinogenic classifications: TLV-A3		Notes:
AIHA emergency response planning guidelines - ERPG-1/ERPG-2/ERPG-3:

Additional Resources and Literature References

NOAA: CAMEO Chemicals - Furfuryl alcohol

NIOSH: Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards - Furfuryl alcohol

Literature References

ACGIH: Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values (TLVs) and Biological Exposure Indices (BEIs) - Furfuryl alcohol. See annual publication for most recent information.
National Toxicology Program: NTP Study Report TR-482 (Abstract). Toxicology and carcinogenesis studies of furfuryl alcohol (CAS No. 98-00-0) in F344/N rats and B6C3F1 mice (inhalation studies).
Nomier, A.A., Silveira, D.M., McComish, M.F. and Chadwick, M.: Comparative metabolism and disposition of furfural and furfuryl alcohol in rats. Drug. Metab. Dispos. 20(2): 198-204, 1992.
Pohanish, R.P. (editor): Furfuryl Alcohol. In, Sittig's Handbook of Toxic and Hazardous Chemicals and Carcinogens, Fourth Ed., Vol. 1. Norwich, NY: Noyes Publications, William Andrew Publishing, 2002, pp. 1198-1199.

Last Updated Date : 01/12/2023

NITROTOLUENE, ALL ISOMERS†

Chemical Identification

Physical Properties

Monitoring Methods Used by OSHA

Bulk/Wipe Method

On-Site Screening Techniques

Exposure Limits

Additional Resources and Literature References

NITROBENZENE†

Chemical Identification

Physical Properties

Monitoring Methods Used by OSHA

Bulk/Wipe Method

On-Site Screening Techniques

Exposure Limits

Additional Resources and Literature References

BENZOYL CHLORIDE

Chemical Identification

Physical Properties

Monitoring Methods Used by OSHA

Bulk/Wipe Method

On-Site Screening Techniques

Exposure Limits

Additional Resources and Literature References

ACETOPHENONE

Chemical Identification

Physical Properties

Monitoring Methods Used by OSHA

Bulk/Wipe Method

On-Site Screening Techniques

Exposure Limits

Additional Resources and Literature References

α-METHYL STYRENE†

Chemical Identification

Physical Properties

Monitoring Methods Used by OSHA

Bulk/Wipe Method

On-Site Screening Techniques

Exposure Limits

Additional Resources and Literature References

CUMENE†

Chemical Identification

Physical Properties

Monitoring Methods Used by OSHA

Bulk/Wipe Method

On-Site Screening Techniques

Exposure Limits

Additional Resources and Literature References

P-TERT-BUTYLTOLUENE†

Chemical Identification

Physical Properties

Monitoring Methods Used by OSHA

Bulk/Wipe Method

On-Site Screening Techniques

Exposure Limits

Additional Resources and Literature References

BENZOTRICHLORIDE

Chemical Identification

Physical Properties

Monitoring Methods Used by OSHA

Bulk/Wipe Method

On-Site Screening Techniques

Exposure Limits

Additional Resources and Literature References

FURFURAL†

Chemical Identification

Physical Properties

Monitoring Methods Used by OSHA

Bulk/Wipe Method

On-Site Screening Techniques

Exposure Limits

Additional Resources and Literature References

FURFURYL ALCOHOL†

Chemical Identification

Physical Properties

Monitoring Methods Used by OSHA

Bulk/Wipe Method

On-Site Screening Techniques

Exposure Limits

Additional Resources and Literature References